/*
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
 */

package java.util.concurrent.atomic;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import java.lang.reflect.*;

/**
 * A reflection-based utility that enables atomic updates to
 * designated <tt>volatile</tt> reference fields of designated
 * classes.  This class is designed for use in atomic data structures
 * in which several reference fields of the same node are
 * independently subject to atomic updates. For example, a tree node
 * might be declared as
 *
 * <pre>
 * class Node {
 *   private volatile Node left, right;
 *
 *   private static final AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater&lt;Node, Node&gt; leftUpdater =
 *     AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(Node.class, Node.class, "left");
 *   private static AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater&lt;Node, Node&gt; rightUpdater =
 *     AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(Node.class, Node.class, "right");
 *
 *   Node getLeft() { return left;  }
 *   boolean compareAndSetLeft(Node expect, Node update) {
 *     return leftUpdater.compareAndSet(this, expect, update);
 *   }
 *   // ... and so on
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>Note that the guarantees of the {@code compareAndSet}
 * method in this class are weaker than in other atomic classes.
 * Because this class cannot ensure that all uses of the field
 * are appropriate for purposes of atomic access, it can
 * guarantee atomicity only with respect to other invocations of
 * {@code compareAndSet} and {@code set} on the same updater.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @param <T> The type of the object holding the updatable field
 * @param <V> The type of the field
 */
public abstract class AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<T, V>  {

    /**
     * Creates and returns an updater for objects with the given field.
     * The Class arguments are needed to check that reflective types and
     * generic types match.
     *
     * @param tclass the class of the objects holding the field.
     * @param vclass the class of the field
     * @param fieldName the name of the field to be updated.
     * @return the updater
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the field is not a volatile reference type.
     * @throws RuntimeException with a nested reflection-based
     * exception if the class does not hold field or is the wrong type.
     */
    public static <U, W> AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<U,W> newUpdater(Class<U> tclass, Class<W> vclass, String fieldName) {
        return new AtomicReferenceFieldUpdaterImpl<U,W>(tclass,
                                                        vclass,
                                                        fieldName);
    }

    /**
     * Protected do-nothing constructor for use by subclasses.
     */
    protected AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater() {
    }

    /**
     * Atomically sets the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * to the given updated value if the current value <tt>==</tt> the
     * expected value. This method is guaranteed to be atomic with respect to
     * other calls to <tt>compareAndSet</tt> and <tt>set</tt>, but not
     * necessarily with respect to other changes in the field.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to conditionally set
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return true if successful.
     */
    public abstract boolean compareAndSet(T obj, V expect, V update);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * to the given updated value if the current value <tt>==</tt> the
     * expected value. This method is guaranteed to be atomic with respect to
     * other calls to <tt>compareAndSet</tt> and <tt>set</tt>, but not
     * necessarily with respect to other changes in the field.
     * May fail spuriously and does not provide ordering guarantees,
     * so is only rarely an appropriate alternative to <tt>compareAndSet</tt>.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to conditionally set
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return true if successful.
     */
    public abstract boolean weakCompareAndSet(T obj, V expect, V update);

    /**
     * Sets the field of the given object managed by this updater to the
     * given updated value. This operation is guaranteed to act as a volatile
     * store with respect to subsequent invocations of
     * <tt>compareAndSet</tt>.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to set
     * @param newValue the new value
     */
    public abstract void set(T obj, V newValue);

    /**
     * Eventually sets the field of the given object managed by this
     * updater to the given updated value.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to set
     * @param newValue the new value
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public abstract void lazySet(T obj, V newValue);

    /**
     * Gets the current value held in the field of the given object managed
     * by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get
     * @return the current value
     */
    public abstract V get(T obj);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * to the given value and returns the old value.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param newValue the new value
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public V getAndSet(T obj, V newValue) {
        for (;;) {
            V current = get(obj);
            if (compareAndSet(obj, current, newValue))
                return current;
        }
    }

    private static final class AtomicReferenceFieldUpdaterImpl<T,V>
	extends AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<T,V> {
        private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
        private final long offset;
        private final Class<T> tclass;
        private final Class<V> vclass;
        private final Class cclass;

        /*
         * Internal type checks within all update methods contain
         * internal inlined optimizations checking for the common
         * cases where the class is final (in which case a simple
         * getClass comparison suffices) or is of type Object (in
         * which case no check is needed because all objects are
         * instances of Object). The Object case is handled simply by
         * setting vclass to null in constructor.  The targetCheck and
         * updateCheck methods are invoked when these faster
         * screenings fail.
         */

        AtomicReferenceFieldUpdaterImpl(Class<T> tclass,
					Class<V> vclass,
					String fieldName) {
            Field field = null;
            Class fieldClass = null;
	    Class caller = null;
	    int modifiers = 0;
            try {
                field = tclass.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
		caller = sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass(3);
		modifiers = field.getModifiers();
                sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil.ensureMemberAccess(
                    caller, tclass, null, modifiers); 
		sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(tclass);
                fieldClass = field.getType();
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
            }

            if (vclass != fieldClass)
                throw new ClassCastException();
            
            if (!Modifier.isVolatile(modifiers))
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must be volatile type");

	    this.cclass = (Modifier.isProtected(modifiers) &&
			   caller != tclass) ? caller : null;
            this.tclass = tclass;
            if (vclass == Object.class)
                this.vclass = null;
            else
                this.vclass = vclass;
            offset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(field);
        }

        void targetCheck(T obj) {
            if (!tclass.isInstance(obj))
                throw new ClassCastException();
	    if (cclass != null)
		ensureProtectedAccess(obj);
        }

        void updateCheck(T obj, V update) {
            if (!tclass.isInstance(obj) ||
                (update != null && vclass != null && !vclass.isInstance(update)))
                throw new ClassCastException();
	    if (cclass != null)
		ensureProtectedAccess(obj);
        }

        public boolean compareAndSet(T obj, V expect, V update) {
            if (obj == null || obj.getClass() != tclass || cclass != null ||
                (update != null && vclass != null &&
                 vclass != update.getClass()))
                updateCheck(obj, update);
            return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(obj, offset, expect, update);
        }

        public boolean weakCompareAndSet(T obj, V expect, V update) {
            // same implementation as strong form for now
            if (obj == null || obj.getClass() != tclass || cclass != null ||
                (update != null && vclass != null &&
                 vclass != update.getClass()))
                updateCheck(obj, update);
            return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(obj, offset, expect, update);
        }

        public void set(T obj, V newValue) {
            if (obj == null || obj.getClass() != tclass || cclass != null ||
                (newValue != null && vclass != null &&
                 vclass != newValue.getClass()))
                updateCheck(obj, newValue);
            unsafe.putObjectVolatile(obj, offset, newValue);
        }

        public void lazySet(T obj, V newValue) {
            if (obj == null || obj.getClass() != tclass || cclass != null ||
                (newValue != null && vclass != null &&
                 vclass != newValue.getClass()))
                updateCheck(obj, newValue);
            unsafe.putOrderedObject(obj, offset, newValue);
        }

        public V get(T obj) {
            if (obj == null || obj.getClass() != tclass || cclass != null)
                targetCheck(obj);
            return (V)unsafe.getObjectVolatile(obj, offset);
        }

	private void ensureProtectedAccess(T obj) {
	    if (cclass.isInstance(obj)) {
		return;
	    }
	    throw new RuntimeException (
                new IllegalAccessException("Class " +
		    cclass.getName() +
                    " can not access a protected member of class " +
                    tclass.getName() +
		    " using an instance of " +
                    obj.getClass().getName()
		)
	    );
	}
    }
}
