Priority Queue Text Join Timing Test

# Priority Queue Text `join` Timing Test

## Description

This test inserts a number of values with keys from an arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into two containers, then merges the containers. It uses `join` for `pb_ds`'s priority queues; for the STL's priority queues, it successively pops values from one container and pushes them into the other. The test measures the average time as a function of the number of values.

(The test was executed with `priority_queue_text_join_timing_test` thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)

## Purpose

The test checks the effect of different underlying data structures (see Design::Priority Queues::Implementations).

## Results

Figures NPG, NPM, and NPL show the results for the native priority queues and `pb_ds` 's priority queues in g++, msvc, and local, respectively.

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NPG: Native tree and `pb ds` priority queue `push` timing test - g++

In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:

1. n_pq_deque- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::deque`
2. n_pq_vector- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::vector`
3. binary_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binary_heap_tag`
4. thin_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `thin_heap_tag`
5. rc_binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `rc_binomial_heap_tag`
6. pairing_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `pairing_heap_tag`
7. binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binomial_heap_tag`

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NPM: Native tree and `pb ds` priority queue `push` timing test - msvc++

In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:

1. n_pq_deque- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::deque`
2. n_pq_vector- `std::priority_queue` adapting `std::vector`
3. binary_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binary_heap_tag`
4. thin_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `thin_heap_tag`
5. rc_binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `rc_binomial_heap_tag`
6. pairing_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `pairing_heap_tag`
7. binomial_heap- `priority_queue` with `Tag` = `binomial_heap_tag`

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NPL: Native tree and `pb ds` priority queue `push` timing test - local

## Observations

In this test the node-based heaps perform `join` in either logarithmic or constant time. The binary heap requires linear time, since the well-known heapify algorithm [clrs2001] is linear.

It would be possible to apply the heapify algorithm to the STL containers, if they would support iteration (which they don't). Barring iterators, it is still somehow possible to perform linear-time merge on a `std::vector`-based STL priority queue, using `top()` and `size()` (since they are enough to expose the underlying array), but this is impossible for a `std::deque`-based STL priority queue. Without heapify, the cost is super-linear.