This is
/glibc-tmp-2534d2c1c5375e0f09e9826d104ec00e/glibc-2.21/build-glibc-2.21/manual/libc.info,
produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from libc.texinfo.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Software libraries
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Libc: (libc).                 C library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes.
* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions.
* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes.
* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes.
* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes.
* CLK_TCK: (libc)Processor Time.
* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes.
* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time.
* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes.
* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS5: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS6: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS7: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS8: (libc)Control Modes.
* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes.
* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes.
* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption.
* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries.
* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes.
* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EADV: (libc)Error Codes.
* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes.
* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes.
* ED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes.
* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EHWPOISON: (libc)Error Codes.
* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes.
* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes.
* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes.
* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EKEYEXPIRED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EKEYREJECTED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EKEYREVOKED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOKEY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTRECOVERABLE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes.
* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes.
* EOWNERDEAD: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes.
* ERFKILL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes.
* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes.
* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status.
* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status.
* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags.
* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes.
* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams.
* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors.
* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags.
* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags.
* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks.
* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input.
* F_OFD_GETLK: (libc)Open File Description Locks.
* F_OFD_SETLK: (libc)Open File Description Locks.
* F_OFD_SETLKW: (libc)Open File Description Locks.
* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags.
* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags.
* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks.
* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks.
* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input.
* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting.
* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting.
* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting.
* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes.
* I: (libc)Complex Numbers.
* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes.
* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes.
* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes.
* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming.
* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries.
* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes.
* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes.
* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes.
* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes.
* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN.
* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes.
* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes.
* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports.
* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports.
* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes.
* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes.
* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes.
* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes.
* IXON: (libc)Input Modes.
* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal.
* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In.
* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files.
* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files.
* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files.
* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files.
* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion.
* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion.
* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes.
* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options.
* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options.
* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options.
* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN.
* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types.
* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes.
* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes.
* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals.
* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant.
* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes.
* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes.
* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes.
* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes.
* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes.
* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes.
* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes.
* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes.
* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String.
* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes.
* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace.
* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace.
* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files.
* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files.
* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random.
* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction.
* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction.
* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction.
* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning.
* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning.
* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning.
* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals.
* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals.
* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals.
* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options.
* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type.
* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files.
* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes.
* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special.
* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special.
* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input.
* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters.
* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special.
* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters.
* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input.
* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters.
* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro.
* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro.
* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro.
* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers.
* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals.
* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers.
* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported.
* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files.
* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files.
* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files.
* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported.
* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation.
* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation.
* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation.
* __ppc_get_timebase: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_get_timebase_freq: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_mdoio: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_mdoom: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_set_ppr_low: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_set_ppr_med: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_set_ppr_med_low: (libc)PowerPC.
* __ppc_yield: (libc)PowerPC.
* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros.
* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals.
* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion.
* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion.
* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data.
* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program.
* abs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections.
* access: (libc)Testing File Access.
* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* addmntent: (libc)mtab.
* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes.
* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations.
* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations.
* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO.
* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm.
* aligned_alloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic.
* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help.
* argp_parse: (libc)Argp.
* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions.
* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output.
* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking.
* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking.
* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit.
* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces.
* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces.
* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces.
* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* bind: (libc)Setting Address.
* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext.
* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog.
* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment.
* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function.
* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character.
* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value.
* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value.
* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space.
* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions.
* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions.
* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions.
* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption.
* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input.
* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc.
* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* chdir: (libc)Working Directory.
* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* chown: (libc)File Owner.
* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery.
* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery.
* clock: (libc)CPU Time.
* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* closelog: (libc)closelog.
* confstr: (libc)String Parameters.
* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* connect: (libc)Connecting.
* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* cos: (libc)Trig Functions.
* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* crypt: (libc)crypt.
* crypt_r: (libc)crypt.
* csin: (libc)Trig Functions.
* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal.
* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In.
* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext.
* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions.
* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption.
* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext.
* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time.
* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory.
* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* div: (libc)Integer Division.
* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions.
* drand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors.
* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors.
* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption.
* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption.
* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption.
* endfsent: (libc)fstab.
* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* endhostent: (libc)Host Names.
* endmntent: (libc)mtab.
* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database.
* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database.
* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* endservent: (libc)Services Database.
* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions.
* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions.
* erand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* erf: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfc: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions.
* erff: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfl: (libc)Special Functions.
* err: (libc)Error Messages.
* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors.
* error: (libc)Error Messages.
* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages.
* errx: (libc)Error Messages.
* execl: (libc)Executing a File.
* execle: (libc)Executing a File.
* execlp: (libc)Executing a File.
* execv: (libc)Executing a File.
* execve: (libc)Executing a File.
* execvp: (libc)Executing a File.
* exit: (libc)Normal Termination.
* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value.
* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value.
* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory.
* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* fchown: (libc)File Owner.
* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams.
* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams.
* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations.
* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O.
* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams.
* fdopendir: (libc)Opening a Directory.
* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations.
* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions.
* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations.
* fegetround: (libc)Rounding.
* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations.
* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions.
* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations.
* fesetround: (libc)Rounding.
* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations.
* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions.
* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* fgetc: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* fgets: (libc)Line Input.
* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input.
* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetws: (libc)Line Input.
* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input.
* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams.
* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams.
* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams.
* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages.
* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching.
* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams.
* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams.
* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies.
* fork: (libc)Creating a Process.
* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs.
* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf.
* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* fputc: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputs: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputws: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc.
* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams.
* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams.
* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* fseek: (libc)File Positioning.
* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning.
* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning.
* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O.
* ftell: (libc)File Positioning.
* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning.
* ftello: (libc)File Positioning.
* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size.
* ftruncate: (libc)File Size.
* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* futimes: (libc)File Times.
* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N.
* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* gamma: (libc)Special Functions.
* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions.
* gammal: (libc)Special Functions.
* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters.
* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory.
* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources.
* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources.
* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters.
* getauxval: (libc)Auxiliary Vector.
* getc: (libc)Character Input.
* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getchar: (libc)Character Input.
* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory.
* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing.
* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing.
* getdelim: (libc)Line Input.
* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification.
* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getfsent: (libc)fstab.
* getfsfile: (libc)fstab.
* getfsspec: (libc)fstab.
* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups.
* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona.
* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostent: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification.
* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification.
* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm.
* getline: (libc)Line Input.
* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources.
* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In.
* getmntent: (libc)mtab.
* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab.
* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database.
* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database.
* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database.
* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt.
* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options.
* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options.
* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters.
* getpass: (libc)getpass.
* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected.
* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getpid: (libc)Process Identification.
* getppid: (libc)Process Identification.
* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions.
* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database.
* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database.
* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database.
* getpt: (libc)Allocation.
* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User.
* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User.
* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User.
* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User.
* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage.
* gets: (libc)Line Input.
* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database.
* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database.
* getservent: (libc)Services Database.
* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address.
* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions.
* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions.
* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext.
* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getw: (libc)Character Input.
* getwc: (libc)Character Input.
* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getwchar: (libc)Character Input.
* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getwd: (libc)Working Directory.
* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob.
* glob: (libc)Calling Glob.
* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing.
* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing.
* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* grantpt: (libc)Allocation.
* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself.
* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes.
* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab.
* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* htonl: (libc)Byte Order.
* htons: (libc)Byte Order.
* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface.
* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface.
* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface.
* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming.
* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming.
* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming.
* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming.
* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division.
* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* index: (libc)Search Functions.
* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups.
* initstate: (libc)BSD Random.
* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership.
* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs.
* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal.
* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* issignaling: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* j0: (libc)Special Functions.
* j0f: (libc)Special Functions.
* j0l: (libc)Special Functions.
* j1: (libc)Special Functions.
* j1f: (libc)Special Functions.
* j1l: (libc)Special Functions.
* jn: (libc)Special Functions.
* jnf: (libc)Special Functions.
* jnl: (libc)Special Functions.
* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process.
* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process.
* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data.
* labs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random.
* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division.
* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function.
* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions.
* link: (libc)Hard Links.
* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* listen: (libc)Listening.
* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division.
* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data.
* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* login: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details.
* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function.
* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive.
* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive.
* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* lutimes: (libc)File Times.
* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc.
* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation.
* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters.
* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion.
* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character.
* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character.
* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state.
* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion.
* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion.
* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking.
* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* memchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption.
* memmem: (libc)Search Functions.
* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories.
* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files.
* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files.
* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files.
* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files.
* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files.
* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount.
* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking.
* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc.
* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc.
* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping.
* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions.
* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions.
* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way.
* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order.
* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order.
* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock.
* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock.
* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment.
* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack.
* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack.
* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks.
* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack.
* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack.
* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects.
* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks.
* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack.
* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack.
* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output.
* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement.
* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit.
* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams.
* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory.
* openlog: (libc)openlog.
* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs.
* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String.
* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf.
* pause: (libc)Using Pause.
* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess.
* perror: (libc)Error Messages.
* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe.
* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess.
* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers.
* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers.
* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages.
* pthread_getattr_default_np: (libc)Default Thread Attributes.
* pthread_getspecific: (libc)Thread-specific Data.
* pthread_key_create: (libc)Thread-specific Data.
* pthread_key_delete: (libc)Thread-specific Data.
* pthread_setattr_default_np: (libc)Default Thread Attributes.
* pthread_setspecific: (libc)Thread-specific Data.
* ptsname: (libc)Allocation.
* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation.
* putc: (libc)Simple Output.
* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* putchar: (libc)Simple Output.
* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* putenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry.
* puts: (libc)Simple Output.
* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions.
* putw: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwc: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function.
* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself.
* rand: (libc)ISO Random.
* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random.
* random: (libc)BSD Random.
* random_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* read: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather.
* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size.
* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* recv: (libc)Receiving Data.
* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams.
* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams.
* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation.
* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup.
* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps.
* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup.
* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions.
* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* remove: (libc)Deleting Files.
* rename: (libc)Renaming Files.
* rewind: (libc)File Positioning.
* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory.
* rindex: (libc)Search Functions.
* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files.
* round: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions.
* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment.
* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* secure_getenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* seed48: (libc)SVID Random.
* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory.
* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* sem_close: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_destroy: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_getvalue: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_init: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_open: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_post: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_timedwait: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_trywait: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_unlink: (libc)Semaphores.
* sem_wait: (libc)Semaphores.
* semctl: (libc)Semaphores.
* semget: (libc)Semaphores.
* semop: (libc)Semaphores.
* semtimedop: (libc)Semaphores.
* send: (libc)Sending Data.
* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams.
* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams.
* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification.
* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups.
* setenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID.
* setfsent: (libc)fstab.
* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups.
* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups.
* sethostent: (libc)Host Names.
* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification.
* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification.
* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm.
* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details.
* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption.
* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption.
* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale.
* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask.
* setmntent: (libc)mtab.
* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database.
* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions.
* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database.
* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups.
* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID.
* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* setservent: (libc)Services Database.
* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions.
* setstate: (libc)BSD Random.
* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID.
* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions.
* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* shm_open: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* shm_unlink: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket.
* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling.
* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack.
* sigblock: (libc)BSD Signal Handling.
* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Signal Handling.
* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets.
* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals.
* sigmask: (libc)BSD Signal Handling.
* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* sigpause: (libc)BSD Signal Handling.
* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals.
* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask.
* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals.
* sigsetmask: (libc)BSD Signal Handling.
* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack.
* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend.
* sin: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sleep: (libc)Sleeping.
* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket.
* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs.
* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* srand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* srand: (libc)ISO Random.
* srandom: (libc)BSD Random.
* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time.
* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions.
* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions.
* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strerror: (libc)Error Messages.
* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages.
* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers.
* strfry: (libc)strfry.
* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* strlen: (libc)String Length.
* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strnlen: (libc)String Length.
* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions.
* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing.
* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages.
* strspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* strstr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions.
* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes.
* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O.
* syscall: (libc)System Calls.
* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition.
* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters.
* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog.
* system: (libc)Running a Command.
* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* tan: (libc)Trig Functions.
* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control.
* tcflow: (libc)Line Control.
* tcflush: (libc)Line Control.
* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions.
* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions.
* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions.
* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control.
* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions.
* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions.
* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* telldir: (libc)Random Access Directory.
* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files.
* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog.
* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions.
* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions.
* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions.
* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time.
* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* times: (libc)Processor Time.
* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files.
* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files.
* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files.
* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files.
* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion.
* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion.
* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion.
* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* truncate64: (libc)File Size.
* truncate: (libc)File Size.
* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal.
* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal.
* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions.
* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount.
* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount.
* uname: (libc)Platform Type.
* ungetc: (libc)How Unread.
* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread.
* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files.
* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation.
* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* utime: (libc)File Times.
* utimes: (libc)File Times.
* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions.
* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros.
* va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros.
* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros.
* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros.
* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* verr: (libc)Error Messages.
* verrx: (libc)Error Messages.
* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process.
* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog.
* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage.
* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages.
* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages.
* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions.
* wait4: (libc)Process Completion.
* wait: (libc)Process Completion.
* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion.
* warn: (libc)Error Messages.
* warnx: (libc)Error Messages.
* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character.
* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions.
* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* wcslen: (libc)String Length.
* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length.
* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion.
* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions.
* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character.
* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion.
* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp.
* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp.
* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* write: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather.
* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* y0: (libc)Special Functions.
* y0f: (libc)Special Functions.
* y0l: (libc)Special Functions.
* y1: (libc)Special Functions.
* y1f: (libc)Special Functions.
* y1l: (libc)Special Functions.
* yn: (libc)Special Functions.
* ynf: (libc)Special Functions.
* ynl: (libc)Special Functions.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the GNU C Library.

   This is `The GNU C Library Reference Manual', for version 2.21.

   Copyright (C) 1993-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free
Documentation" and "GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover
texts being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

   (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual.  Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom."


File: libc.info,  Node: Line Control,  Next: Noncanon Example,  Prev: BSD Terminal Modes,  Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface

17.6 Line Control Functions
===========================

These functions perform miscellaneous control actions on terminal
devices.  As regards terminal access, they are treated like doing
output: if any of these functions is used by a background process on its
controlling terminal, normally all processes in the process group are
sent a `SIGTTOU' signal.  The exception is if the calling process
itself is ignoring or blocking `SIGTTOU' signals, in which case the
operation is performed and no signal is sent.  *Note Job Control::.

 -- Function: int tcsendbreak (int FILEDES, int DURATION)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:tcattr(filedes)/bsd | AS-Unsafe |
     AC-Unsafe corrupt/bsd | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function generates a break condition by transmitting a stream
     of zero bits on the terminal associated with the file descriptor
     FILEDES.  The duration of the break is controlled by the DURATION
     argument.  If zero, the duration is between 0.25 and 0.5 seconds.
     The meaning of a nonzero value depends on the operating system.

     This function does nothing if the terminal is not an asynchronous
     serial data port.

     The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a
     value of -1 is returned.  The following `errno' error conditions
     are defined for this function:

    `EBADF'
          The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor.

    `ENOTTY'
          The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device.

 -- Function: int tcdrain (int FILEDES)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `tcdrain' function waits until all queued output to the
     terminal FILEDES has been transmitted.

     This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.
     This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like
     memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time
     `tcdrain' is called.  If the thread gets canceled these resources
     stay allocated until the program ends.  To avoid this calls to
     `tcdrain' should be protected using cancellation handlers.

     The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a
     value of -1 is returned.  The following `errno' error conditions
     are defined for this function:

    `EBADF'
          The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor.

    `ENOTTY'
          The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device.

    `EINTR'
          The operation was interrupted by delivery of a signal.  *Note
          Interrupted Primitives::.

 -- Function: int tcflush (int FILEDES, int QUEUE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `tcflush' function is used to clear the input and/or output
     queues associated with the terminal file FILEDES.  The QUEUE
     argument specifies which queue(s) to clear, and can be one of the
     following values:

    `TCIFLUSH'
          Clear any input data received, but not yet read.

    `TCOFLUSH'
          Clear any output data written, but not yet transmitted.

    `TCIOFLUSH'
          Clear both queued input and output.

     The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a
     value of -1 is returned.  The following `errno' error conditions
     are defined for this function:

    `EBADF'
          The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor.

    `ENOTTY'
          The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device.

    `EINVAL'
          A bad value was supplied as the QUEUE argument.

     It is unfortunate that this function is named `tcflush', because
     the term "flush" is normally used for quite another
     operation--waiting until all output is transmitted--and using it
     for discarding input or output would be confusing.  Unfortunately,
     the name `tcflush' comes from POSIX and we cannot change it.

 -- Function: int tcflow (int FILEDES, int ACTION)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:tcattr(filedes)/bsd | AS-Unsafe |
     AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `tcflow' function is used to perform operations relating to
     XON/XOFF flow control on the terminal file specified by FILEDES.

     The ACTION argument specifies what operation to perform, and can
     be one of the following values:

    `TCOOFF'
          Suspend transmission of output.

    `TCOON'
          Restart transmission of output.

    `TCIOFF'
          Transmit a STOP character.

    `TCION'
          Transmit a START character.

     For more information about the STOP and START characters, see
     *note Special Characters::.

     The return value is normally zero.  In the event of an error, a
     value of -1 is returned.  The following `errno' error conditions
     are defined for this function:

    `EBADF'
          The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor.

    `ENOTTY'
          The FILEDES is not associated with a terminal device.

    `EINVAL'
          A bad value was supplied as the ACTION argument.


File: libc.info,  Node: Noncanon Example,  Next: Pseudo-Terminals,  Prev: Line Control,  Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface

17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example
==============================

Here is an example program that shows how you can set up a terminal
device to read single characters in noncanonical input mode, without
echo.


     #include <unistd.h>
     #include <stdio.h>
     #include <stdlib.h>
     #include <termios.h>

     /* Use this variable to remember original terminal attributes. */

     struct termios saved_attributes;

     void
     reset_input_mode (void)
     {
       tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved_attributes);
     }

     void
     set_input_mode (void)
     {
       struct termios tattr;
       char *name;

       /* Make sure stdin is a terminal. */
       if (!isatty (STDIN_FILENO))
         {
           fprintf (stderr, "Not a terminal.\n");
           exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
         }

       /* Save the terminal attributes so we can restore them later. */
       tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &saved_attributes);
       atexit (reset_input_mode);

       /* Set the funny terminal modes. */
       tcgetattr (STDIN_FILENO, &tattr);
       tattr.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON|ECHO); /* Clear ICANON and ECHO. */
       tattr.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
       tattr.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
       tcsetattr (STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tattr);
     }

     int
     main (void)
     {
       char c;

       set_input_mode ();

       while (1)
         {
           read (STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1);
           if (c == '\004')          /* `C-d' */
             break;
           else
             putchar (c);
         }

       return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }

   This program is careful to restore the original terminal modes before
exiting or terminating with a signal.  It uses the `atexit' function
(*note Cleanups on Exit::) to make sure this is done by `exit'.

   The shell is supposed to take care of resetting the terminal modes
when a process is stopped or continued; see *note Job Control::.  But
some existing shells do not actually do this, so you may wish to
establish handlers for job control signals that reset terminal modes.
The above example does so.


File: libc.info,  Node: Pseudo-Terminals,  Prev: Noncanon Example,  Up: Low-Level Terminal Interface

17.8 Pseudo-Terminals
=====================

A "pseudo-terminal" is a special interprocess communication channel
that acts like a terminal.  One end of the channel is called the
"master" side or "master pseudo-terminal device", the other side is
called the "slave" side.  Data written to the master side is received
by the slave side as if it was the result of a user typing at an
ordinary terminal, and data written to the slave side is sent to the
master side as if it was written on an ordinary terminal.

   Pseudo terminals are the way programs like `xterm' and `emacs'
implement their terminal emulation functionality.

* Menu:

* Allocation::             Allocating a pseudo terminal.
* Pseudo-Terminal Pairs::  How to open both sides of a
                            pseudo-terminal in a single operation.


File: libc.info,  Node: Allocation,  Next: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs,  Up: Pseudo-Terminals

17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals
----------------------------------

This subsection describes functions for allocating a pseudo-terminal,
and for making this pseudo-terminal available for actual use.  These
functions are declared in the header file `stdlib.h'.

 -- Function: int getpt (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe fd | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `getpt' function returns a new file descriptor for the next
     available master pseudo-terminal.  The normal return value from
     `getpt' is a non-negative integer file descriptor.  In the case of
     an error, a value of -1 is returned instead.  The following
     `errno' conditions are defined for this function:

    `ENOENT'
          There are no free master pseudo-terminals available.

     This function is a GNU extension.

 -- Function: int grantpt (int FILEDES)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Unsafe dlopen plugin heap lock
     | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock fd mem | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `grantpt' function changes the ownership and access permission
     of the slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master
     pseudo-terminal device associated with the file descriptor
     FILEDES.  The owner is set from the real user ID of the calling
     process (*note Process Persona::), and the group is set to a
     special group (typically "tty") or from the real group ID of the
     calling process.  The access permission is set such that the file
     is both readable and writable by the owner and only writable by
     the group.

     On some systems this function is implemented by invoking a special
     `setuid' root program (*note How Change Persona::).  As a
     consequence, installing a signal handler for the `SIGCHLD' signal
     (*note Job Control Signals::) may interfere with a call to
     `grantpt'.

     The normal return value from `grantpt' is 0; a value of -1 is
     returned in case of failure.  The following `errno' error
     conditions are defined for this function:

    `EBADF'
          The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor.

    `EINVAL'
          The FILEDES argument is not associated with a master
          pseudo-terminal device.

    `EACCES'
          The slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master
          associated with FILEDES could not be accessed.


 -- Function: int unlockpt (int FILEDES)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe heap/bsd | AC-Unsafe mem fd |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `unlockpt' function unlocks the slave pseudo-terminal device
     corresponding to the master pseudo-terminal device associated with
     the file descriptor FILEDES.  On many systems, the slave can only
     be opened after unlocking, so portable applications should always
     call `unlockpt' before trying to open the slave.

     The normal return value from `unlockpt' is 0; a value of -1 is
     returned in case of failure.  The following `errno' error
     conditions are defined for this function:

    `EBADF'
          The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor.

    `EINVAL'
          The FILEDES argument is not associated with a master
          pseudo-terminal device.

 -- Function: char * ptsname (int FILEDES)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:ptsname | AS-Unsafe heap/bsd |
     AC-Unsafe mem fd | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     If the file descriptor FILEDES is associated with a master
     pseudo-terminal device, the `ptsname' function returns a pointer
     to a statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the
     file name of the associated slave pseudo-terminal file.  This
     string might be overwritten by subsequent calls to `ptsname'.

 -- Function: int ptsname_r (int FILEDES, char *BUF, size_t LEN)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe heap/bsd | AC-Unsafe mem fd |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `ptsname_r' function is similar to the `ptsname' function
     except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer
     starting at BUF with length LEN.

     This function is a GNU extension.

   *Portability Note:* On System V derived systems, the file returned
by the `ptsname' and `ptsname_r' functions may be STREAMS-based, and
therefore require additional processing after opening before it
actually behaves as a pseudo terminal.

   Typical usage of these functions is illustrated by the following
example:
     int
     open_pty_pair (int *amaster, int *aslave)
     {
       int master, slave;
       char *name;

       master = getpt ();
       if (master < 0)
         return 0;

       if (grantpt (master) < 0 || unlockpt (master) < 0)
         goto close_master;
       name = ptsname (master);
       if (name == NULL)
         goto close_master;

       slave = open (name, O_RDWR);
       if (slave == -1)
         goto close_master;

       if (isastream (slave))
         {
           if (ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ptem") < 0
               || ioctl (slave, I_PUSH, "ldterm") < 0)
             goto close_slave;
         }

       *amaster = master;
       *aslave = slave;
       return 1;

     close_slave:
       close (slave);

     close_master:
       close (master);
       return 0;
     }


File: libc.info,  Node: Pseudo-Terminal Pairs,  Prev: Allocation,  Up: Pseudo-Terminals

17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair
-------------------------------------

These functions, derived from BSD, are available in the separate
`libutil' library, and declared in `pty.h'.

 -- Function: int openpty (int *AMASTER, int *ASLAVE, char *NAME, const
          struct termios *TERMP, const struct winsize *WINP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Unsafe dlopen plugin heap lock
     | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock fd mem | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function allocates and opens a pseudo-terminal pair,
     returning the file descriptor for the master in *AMASTER, and the
     file descriptor for the slave in *ASLAVE.  If the argument NAME is
     not a null pointer, the file name of the slave pseudo-terminal
     device is stored in `*name'.  If TERMP is not a null pointer, the
     terminal attributes of the slave are set to the ones specified in
     the structure that TERMP points to (*note Terminal Modes::).
     Likewise, if the WINP is not a null pointer, the screen size of
     the slave is set to the values specified in the structure that
     WINP points to.

     The normal return value from `openpty' is 0; a value of -1 is
     returned in case of failure.  The following `errno' conditions are
     defined for this function:

    `ENOENT'
          There are no free pseudo-terminal pairs available.

     *Warning:* Using the `openpty' function with NAME not set to
     `NULL' is *very dangerous* because it provides no protection
     against overflowing the string NAME.  You should use the `ttyname'
     function on the file descriptor returned in *SLAVE to find out the
     file name of the slave pseudo-terminal device instead.

 -- Function: int forkpty (int *AMASTER, char *NAME, const struct
          termios *TERMP, const struct winsize *WINP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Unsafe dlopen plugin heap lock
     | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock fd mem | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to the `openpty' function, but in
     addition, forks a new process (*note Creating a Process::) and
     makes the newly opened slave pseudo-terminal device the
     controlling terminal (*note Controlling Terminal::) for the child
     process.

     If the operation is successful, there are then both parent and
     child processes and both see `forkpty' return, but with different
     values: it returns a value of 0 in the child process and returns
     the child's process ID in the parent process.

     If the allocation of a pseudo-terminal pair or the process creation
     failed, `forkpty' returns a value of -1 in the parent process.

     *Warning:* The `forkpty' function has the same problems with
     respect to the NAME argument as `openpty'.


File: libc.info,  Node: Syslog,  Next: Mathematics,  Prev: Low-Level Terminal Interface,  Up: Top

18 Syslog
*********

This chapter describes facilities for issuing and logging messages of
system administration interest.  This chapter has nothing to do with
programs issuing messages to their own users or keeping private logs
(One would typically do that with the facilities described in *note I/O
on Streams::).

   Most systems have a facility called "Syslog" that allows programs to
submit messages of interest to system administrators and can be
configured to pass these messages on in various ways, such as printing
on the console, mailing to a particular person, or recording in a log
file for future reference.

   A program uses the facilities in this chapter to submit such
messages.

* Menu:

* Overview of Syslog::           Overview of a system's Syslog facility
* Submitting Syslog Messages::   Functions to submit messages to Syslog


File: libc.info,  Node: Overview of Syslog,  Next: Submitting Syslog Messages,  Up: Syslog

18.1 Overview of Syslog
=======================

System administrators have to deal with lots of different kinds of
messages from a plethora of subsystems within each system, and usually
lots of systems as well.  For example, an FTP server might report every
connection it gets.  The kernel might report hardware failures on a disk
drive.  A DNS server might report usage statistics at regular intervals.

   Some of these messages need to be brought to a system administrator's
attention immediately.  And it may not be just any system administrator
- there may be a particular system administrator who deals with a
particular kind of message.  Other messages just need to be recorded for
future reference if there is a problem.  Still others may need to have
information extracted from them by an automated process that generates
monthly reports.

   To deal with these messages, most Unix systems have a facility called
"Syslog."  It is generally based on a daemon called "Syslogd" Syslogd
listens for messages on a Unix domain socket named `/dev/log'.  Based
on classification information in the messages and its configuration
file (usually `/etc/syslog.conf'), Syslogd routes them in various ways.
Some of the popular routings are:

   * Write to the system console

   * Mail to a specific user

   * Write to a log file

   * Pass to another daemon

   * Discard

   Syslogd can also handle messages from other systems.  It listens on
the `syslog' UDP port as well as the local socket for messages.

   Syslog can handle messages from the kernel itself.  But the kernel
doesn't write to `/dev/log'; rather, another daemon (sometimes called
"Klogd") extracts messages from the kernel and passes them on to Syslog
as any other process would (and it properly identifies them as messages
from the kernel).

   Syslog can even handle messages that the kernel issued before
Syslogd or Klogd was running.  A Linux kernel, for example, stores
startup messages in a kernel message ring and they are normally still
there when Klogd later starts up.  Assuming Syslogd is running by the
time Klogd starts, Klogd then passes everything in the message ring to
it.

   In order to classify messages for disposition, Syslog requires any
process that submits a message to it to provide two pieces of
classification information with it:

facility
     This identifies who submitted the message.  There are a small
     number of facilities defined.  The kernel, the mail subsystem, and
     an FTP server are examples of recognized facilities.  For the
     complete list, *Note syslog; vsyslog::.  Keep in mind that these
     are essentially arbitrary classifications.  "Mail subsystem"
     doesn't have any more meaning than the system administrator gives
     to it.

priority
     This tells how important the content of the message is.  Examples
     of defined priority values are: debug, informational, warning,
     critical.  For the complete list, see *note syslog; vsyslog::.
     Except for the fact that the priorities have a defined order, the
     meaning of each of these priorities is entirely determined by the
     system administrator.


   A "facility/priority" is a number that indicates both the facility
and the priority.

   *Warning:* This terminology is not universal.  Some people use
"level" to refer to the priority and "priority" to refer to the
combination of facility and priority.  A Linux kernel has a concept of a
message "level," which corresponds both to a Syslog priority and to a
Syslog facility/priority (It can be both because the facility code for
the kernel is zero, and that makes priority and facility/priority the
same value).

   The GNU C Library provides functions to submit messages to Syslog.
They do it by writing to the `/dev/log' socket.  *Note Submitting
Syslog Messages::.

   The GNU C Library functions only work to submit messages to the
Syslog facility on the same system.  To submit a message to the Syslog
facility on another system, use the socket I/O functions to write a UDP
datagram to the `syslog' UDP port on that system.  *Note Sockets::.


File: libc.info,  Node: Submitting Syslog Messages,  Prev: Overview of Syslog,  Up: Syslog

18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages
===============================

The GNU C Library provides functions to submit messages to the Syslog
facility:

* Menu:

* openlog::                      Open connection to Syslog
* syslog; vsyslog::              Submit message to Syslog
* closelog::                     Close connection to Syslog
* setlogmask::                   Cause certain messages to be ignored
* Syslog Example::               Example of all of the above

   These functions only work to submit messages to the Syslog facility
on the same system.  To submit a message to the Syslog facility on
another system, use the socket I/O functions to write a UDP datagram to
the `syslog' UDP port on that system.  *Note Sockets::.


File: libc.info,  Node: openlog,  Next: syslog; vsyslog,  Up: Submitting Syslog Messages

18.2.1 openlog
--------------

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file
`syslog.h'.

 -- Function: void openlog (const char *IDENT, int OPTION, int FACILITY)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock fd |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     `openlog' opens or reopens a connection to Syslog in preparation
     for submitting messages.

     IDENT is an arbitrary identification string which future `syslog'
     invocations will prefix to each message.  This is intended to
     identify the source of the message, and people conventionally set
     it to the name of the program that will submit the messages.

     If IDENT is NULL, or if `openlog' is not called, the default
     identification string used in Syslog messages will be the program
     name, taken from argv[0].

     Please note that the string pointer IDENT will be retained
     internally by the Syslog routines.  You must not free the memory
     that IDENT points to.  It is also dangerous to pass a reference to
     an automatic variable since leaving the scope would mean ending the
     lifetime of the variable.  If you want to change the IDENT string,
     you must call `openlog' again; overwriting the string pointed to by
     IDENT is not thread-safe.

     You can cause the Syslog routines to drop the reference to IDENT
     and go back to the default string (the program name taken from
     argv[0]), by calling `closelog': *Note closelog::.

     In particular, if you are writing code for a shared library that
     might get loaded and then unloaded (e.g. a PAM module), and you
     use `openlog', you must call `closelog' before any point where
     your library might get unloaded, as in this example:

          #include <syslog.h>

          void
          shared_library_function (void)
          {
            openlog ("mylibrary", option, priority);

            syslog (LOG_INFO, "shared library has been invoked");

            closelog ();
          }

     Without the call to `closelog', future invocations of `syslog' by
     the program using the shared library may crash, if the library gets
     unloaded and the memory containing the string `"mylibrary"' becomes
     unmapped.  This is a limitation of the BSD syslog interface.

     `openlog' may or may not open the `/dev/log' socket, depending on
     OPTION.  If it does, it tries to open it and connect it as a
     stream socket.  If that doesn't work, it tries to open it and
     connect it as a datagram socket.  The socket has the "Close on
     Exec" attribute, so the kernel will close it if the process
     performs an exec.

     You don't have to use `openlog'.  If you call `syslog' without
     having called `openlog', `syslog' just opens the connection
     implicitly and uses defaults for the information in IDENT and
     OPTIONS.

     OPTIONS is a bit string, with the bits as defined by the following
     single bit masks:

    `LOG_PERROR'
          If on, `openlog' sets up the connection so that any `syslog'
          on this connection writes its message to the calling process'
          Standard Error stream in addition to submitting it to Syslog.
          If off, `syslog' does not write the message to Standard Error.

    `LOG_CONS'
          If on, `openlog' sets up the connection so that a `syslog' on
          this connection that fails to submit a message to Syslog
          writes the message instead to system console.  If off,
          `syslog' does not write to the system console (but of course
          Syslog may write messages it receives to the console).

    `LOG_PID'
          When on, `openlog' sets up the connection so that a `syslog'
          on this connection inserts the calling process' Process ID
          (PID) into the message.  When off, `openlog' does not insert
          the PID.

    `LOG_NDELAY'
          When on, `openlog' opens and connects the `/dev/log' socket.
          When off, a future `syslog' call must open and connect the
          socket.

          *Portability note:*  In early systems, the sense of this bit
          was exactly the opposite.

    `LOG_ODELAY'
          This bit does nothing.  It exists for backward compatibility.


     If any other bit in OPTIONS is on, the result is undefined.

     FACILITY is the default facility code for this connection.  A
     `syslog' on this connection that specifies default facility causes
     this facility to be associated with the message.  See `syslog' for
     possible values.  A value of zero means the default default, which
     is `LOG_USER'.

     If a Syslog connection is already open when you call `openlog',
     `openlog' "reopens" the connection.  Reopening is like opening
     except that if you specify zero for the default facility code, the
     default facility code simply remains unchanged and if you specify
     LOG_NDELAY and the socket is already open and connected, `openlog'
     just leaves it that way.



File: libc.info,  Node: syslog; vsyslog,  Next: closelog,  Prev: openlog,  Up: Submitting Syslog Messages

18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog
----------------------

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file
`syslog.h'.

 -- Function: void syslog (int FACILITY_PRIORITY, const char *FORMAT,
          ...)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe corrupt heap lock
     dlopen | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock mem fd | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `syslog' submits a message to the Syslog facility.  It does this by
     writing to the Unix domain socket `/dev/log'.

     `syslog' submits the message with the facility and priority
     indicated by FACILITY_PRIORITY.  The macro `LOG_MAKEPRI' generates
     a facility/priority from a facility and a priority, as in the
     following example:

          LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_USER, LOG_WARNING)

     The possible values for the facility code are (macros):

    `LOG_USER'
          A miscellaneous user process

    `LOG_MAIL'
          Mail

    `LOG_DAEMON'
          A miscellaneous system daemon

    `LOG_AUTH'
          Security (authorization)

    `LOG_SYSLOG'
          Syslog

    `LOG_LPR'
          Central printer

    `LOG_NEWS'
          Network news (e.g. Usenet)

    `LOG_UUCP'
          UUCP

    `LOG_CRON'
          Cron and At

    `LOG_AUTHPRIV'
          Private security (authorization)

    `LOG_FTP'
          Ftp server

    `LOG_LOCAL0'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL1'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL2'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL3'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL4'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL5'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL6'
          Locally defined

    `LOG_LOCAL7'
          Locally defined

     Results are undefined if the facility code is anything else.

     *NB:* `syslog' recognizes one other facility code: that of the
     kernel.  But you can't specify that facility code with these
     functions.  If you try, it looks the same to `syslog' as if you are
     requesting the default facility.  But you wouldn't want to anyway,
     because any program that uses the GNU C Library is not the kernel.

     You can use just a priority code as FACILITY_PRIORITY.  In that
     case, `syslog' assumes the default facility established when the
     Syslog connection was opened.  *Note Syslog Example::.

     The possible values for the priority code are (macros):

    `LOG_EMERG'
          The message says the system is unusable.

    `LOG_ALERT'
          Action on the message must be taken immediately.

    `LOG_CRIT'
          The message states a critical condition.

    `LOG_ERR'
          The message describes an error.

    `LOG_WARNING'
          The message is a warning.

    `LOG_NOTICE'
          The message describes a normal but important event.

    `LOG_INFO'
          The message is purely informational.

    `LOG_DEBUG'
          The message is only for debugging purposes.

     Results are undefined if the priority code is anything else.

     If the process does not presently have a Syslog connection open
     (i.e., it did not call `openlog'), `syslog' implicitly opens the
     connection the same as `openlog' would, with the following defaults
     for information that would otherwise be included in an `openlog'
     call: The default identification string is the program name.  The
     default default facility is `LOG_USER'.  The default for all the
     connection options in OPTIONS is as if those bits were off.
     `syslog' leaves the Syslog connection open.

     If the `/dev/log' socket is not open and connected, `syslog' opens
     and connects it, the same as `openlog' with the `LOG_NDELAY'
     option would.

     `syslog' leaves `/dev/log' open and connected unless its attempt
     to send the message failed, in which case `syslog' closes it (with
     the hope that a future implicit open will restore the Syslog
     connection to a usable state).

     Example:


          #include <syslog.h>
          syslog (LOG_MAKEPRI(LOG_LOCAL1, LOG_ERROR),
                  "Unable to make network connection to %s.  Error=%m", host);


 -- Function: void vsyslog (int FACILITY_PRIORITY, const char *FORMAT,
          va_list ARGLIST)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe corrupt heap lock
     dlopen | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock mem fd | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This is functionally identical to `syslog', with the BSD style
     variable length argument.



File: libc.info,  Node: closelog,  Next: setlogmask,  Prev: syslog; vsyslog,  Up: Submitting Syslog Messages

18.2.3 closelog
---------------

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file
`syslog.h'.

 -- Function: void closelog (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock fd |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     `closelog' closes the current Syslog connection, if there is one.
     This includes closing the `/dev/log' socket, if it is open.
     `closelog' also sets the identification string for Syslog messages
     back to the default, if `openlog' was called with a non-NULL
     argument to IDENT.  The default identification string is the
     program name taken from argv[0].

     If you are writing shared library code that uses `openlog' to
     generate custom syslog output, you should use `closelog' to drop
     the GNU C Library's internal reference to the IDENT pointer when
     you are done.  Please read the section on `openlog' for more
     information: *Note openlog::.

     `closelog' does not flush any buffers.  You do not have to call
     `closelog' before re-opening a Syslog connection with `openlog'.
     Syslog connections are automatically closed on exec or exit.



File: libc.info,  Node: setlogmask,  Next: Syslog Example,  Prev: closelog,  Up: Submitting Syslog Messages

18.2.4 setlogmask
-----------------

The symbols referred to in this section are declared in the file
`syslog.h'.

 -- Function: int setlogmask (int MASK)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:LogMask | AS-Unsafe | AC-Safe |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     `setlogmask' sets a mask (the "logmask") that determines which
     future `syslog' calls shall be ignored.  If a program has not
     called `setlogmask', `syslog' doesn't ignore any calls.  You can
     use `setlogmask' to specify that messages of particular priorities
     shall be ignored in the future.

     A `setlogmask' call overrides any previous `setlogmask' call.

     Note that the logmask exists entirely independently of opening and
     closing of Syslog connections.

     Setting the logmask has a similar effect to, but is not the same
     as, configuring Syslog.  The Syslog configuration may cause Syslog
     to discard certain messages it receives, but the logmask causes
     certain messages never to get submitted to Syslog in the first
     place.

     MASK is a bit string with one bit corresponding to each of the
     possible message priorities.  If the bit is on, `syslog' handles
     messages of that priority normally.  If it is off, `syslog'
     discards messages of that priority.  Use the message priority
     macros described in *note syslog; vsyslog:: and the `LOG_MASK' to
     construct an appropriate MASK value, as in this example:

          LOG_MASK(LOG_EMERG) | LOG_MASK(LOG_ERROR)

     or

          ~(LOG_MASK(LOG_INFO))

     There is also a `LOG_UPTO' macro, which generates a mask with the
     bits on for a certain priority and all priorities above it:

          LOG_UPTO(LOG_ERROR)

     The unfortunate naming of the macro is due to the fact that
     internally, higher numbers are used for lower message priorities.



File: libc.info,  Node: Syslog Example,  Prev: setlogmask,  Up: Submitting Syslog Messages

18.2.5 Syslog Example
---------------------

Here is an example of `openlog', `syslog', and `closelog':

   This example sets the logmask so that debug and informational
messages get discarded without ever reaching Syslog.  So the second
`syslog' in the example does nothing.

     #include <syslog.h>

     setlogmask (LOG_UPTO (LOG_NOTICE));

     openlog ("exampleprog", LOG_CONS | LOG_PID | LOG_NDELAY, LOG_LOCAL1);

     syslog (LOG_NOTICE, "Program started by User %d", getuid ());
     syslog (LOG_INFO, "A tree falls in a forest");

     closelog ();


File: libc.info,  Node: Mathematics,  Next: Arithmetic,  Prev: Syslog,  Up: Top

19 Mathematics
**************

This chapter contains information about functions for performing
mathematical computations, such as trigonometric functions.  Most of
these functions have prototypes declared in the header file `math.h'.
The complex-valued functions are defined in `complex.h'.  

   All mathematical functions which take a floating-point argument have
three variants, one each for `double', `float', and `long double'
arguments.  The `double' versions are mostly defined in ISO C89.  The
`float' and `long double' versions are from the numeric extensions to C
included in ISO C99.

   Which of the three versions of a function should be used depends on
the situation.  For most calculations, the `float' functions are the
fastest.  On the other hand, the `long double' functions have the
highest precision.  `double' is somewhere in between.  It is usually
wise to pick the narrowest type that can accommodate your data.  Not
all machines have a distinct `long double' type; it may be the same as
`double'.

* Menu:

* Mathematical Constants::      Precise numeric values for often-used
                                 constants.
* Trig Functions::              Sine, cosine, tangent, and friends.
* Inverse Trig Functions::      Arcsine, arccosine, etc.
* Exponents and Logarithms::    Also pow and sqrt.
* Hyperbolic Functions::        sinh, cosh, tanh, etc.
* Special Functions::           Bessel, gamma, erf.
* Errors in Math Functions::    Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions.
* Pseudo-Random Numbers::       Functions for generating pseudo-random
				 numbers.
* FP Function Optimizations::   Fast code or small code.


File: libc.info,  Node: Mathematical Constants,  Next: Trig Functions,  Up: Mathematics

19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants
======================================

The header `math.h' defines several useful mathematical constants.  All
values are defined as preprocessor macros starting with `M_'.  The
values provided are:

`M_E'
     The base of natural logarithms.

`M_LOG2E'
     The logarithm to base `2' of `M_E'.

`M_LOG10E'
     The logarithm to base `10' of `M_E'.

`M_LN2'
     The natural logarithm of `2'.

`M_LN10'
     The natural logarithm of `10'.

`M_PI'
     Pi, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

`M_PI_2'
     Pi divided by two.

`M_PI_4'
     Pi divided by four.

`M_1_PI'
     The reciprocal of pi (1/pi)

`M_2_PI'
     Two times the reciprocal of pi.

`M_2_SQRTPI'
     Two times the reciprocal of the square root of pi.

`M_SQRT2'
     The square root of two.

`M_SQRT1_2'
     The reciprocal of the square root of two (also the square root of
     1/2).

   These constants come from the Unix98 standard and were also
available in 4.4BSD; therefore they are only defined if
`_XOPEN_SOURCE=500', or a more general feature select macro, is
defined.  The default set of features includes these constants.  *Note
Feature Test Macros::.

   All values are of type `double'.  As an extension, the GNU C Library
also defines these constants with type `long double'.  The `long
double' macros have a lowercase `l' appended to their names: `M_El',
`M_PIl', and so forth.  These are only available if `_GNU_SOURCE' is
defined.

   _Note:_ Some programs use a constant named `PI' which has the same
value as `M_PI'.  This constant is not standard; it may have appeared
in some old AT&T headers, and is mentioned in Stroustrup's book on C++.
It infringes on the user's name space, so the GNU C Library does not
define it.  Fixing programs written to expect it is simple: replace
`PI' with `M_PI' throughout, or put `-DPI=M_PI' on the compiler command
line.


File: libc.info,  Node: Trig Functions,  Next: Inverse Trig Functions,  Prev: Mathematical Constants,  Up: Mathematics

19.2 Trigonometric Functions
============================

These are the familiar `sin', `cos', and `tan' functions.  The
arguments to all of these functions are in units of radians; recall
that pi radians equals 180 degrees.

   The math library normally defines `M_PI' to a `double' approximation
of pi.  If strict ISO and/or POSIX compliance are requested this
constant is not defined, but you can easily define it yourself:

     #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846264338327

You can also compute the value of pi with the expression `acos (-1.0)'.

 -- Function: double sin (double X)
 -- Function: float sinf (float X)
 -- Function: long double sinl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the sine of X, where X is given in radians.
     The return value is in the range `-1' to `1'.

 -- Function: double cos (double X)
 -- Function: float cosf (float X)
 -- Function: long double cosl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the cosine of X, where X is given in
     radians.  The return value is in the range `-1' to `1'.

 -- Function: double tan (double X)
 -- Function: float tanf (float X)
 -- Function: long double tanl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the tangent of X, where X is given in
     radians.

     Mathematically, the tangent function has singularities at odd
     multiples of pi/2.  If the argument X is too close to one of these
     singularities, `tan' will signal overflow.

   In many applications where `sin' and `cos' are used, the sine and
cosine of the same angle are needed at the same time.  It is more
efficient to compute them simultaneously, so the library provides a
function to do that.

 -- Function: void sincos (double X, double *SINX, double *COSX)
 -- Function: void sincosf (float X, float *SINX, float *COSX)
 -- Function: void sincosl (long double X, long double *SINX, long
          double *COSX)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the sine of X in `*SINX' and the cosine of
     X in `*COS', where X is given in radians.  Both values, `*SINX'
     and `*COSX', are in the range of `-1' to `1'.

     This function is a GNU extension.  Portable programs should be
     prepared to cope with its absence.

   ISO C99 defines variants of the trig functions which work on complex
numbers.  The GNU C Library provides these functions, but they are only
useful if your compiler supports the new complex types defined by the
standard.  (As of this writing GCC supports complex numbers, but there
are bugs in the implementation.)

 -- Function: complex double csin (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float csinf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double csinl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex sine of Z.  The mathematical
     definition of the complex sine is

     sin (z) = 1/(2*i) * (exp (z*i) - exp (-z*i)).

 -- Function: complex double ccos (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float ccosf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double ccosl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex cosine of Z.  The mathematical
     definition of the complex cosine is

     cos (z) = 1/2 * (exp (z*i) + exp (-z*i))

 -- Function: complex double ctan (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float ctanf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double ctanl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex tangent of Z.  The mathematical
     definition of the complex tangent is

     tan (z) = -i * (exp (z*i) - exp (-z*i)) / (exp (z*i) + exp (-z*i))

     The complex tangent has poles at pi/2 + 2n, where n is an integer.
     `ctan' may signal overflow if Z is too close to a pole.


File: libc.info,  Node: Inverse Trig Functions,  Next: Exponents and Logarithms,  Prev: Trig Functions,  Up: Mathematics

19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
====================================

These are the usual arc sine, arc cosine and arc tangent functions,
which are the inverses of the sine, cosine and tangent functions
respectively.

 -- Function: double asin (double X)
 -- Function: float asinf (float X)
 -- Function: long double asinl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the arc sine of X--that is, the value whose
     sine is X.  The value is in units of radians.  Mathematically,
     there are infinitely many such values; the one actually returned
     is the one between `-pi/2' and `pi/2' (inclusive).

     The arc sine function is defined mathematically only over the
     domain `-1' to `1'.  If X is outside the domain, `asin' signals a
     domain error.

 -- Function: double acos (double X)
 -- Function: float acosf (float X)
 -- Function: long double acosl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the arc cosine of X--that is, the value
     whose cosine is X.  The value is in units of radians.
     Mathematically, there are infinitely many such values; the one
     actually returned is the one between `0' and `pi' (inclusive).

     The arc cosine function is defined mathematically only over the
     domain `-1' to `1'.  If X is outside the domain, `acos' signals a
     domain error.

 -- Function: double atan (double X)
 -- Function: float atanf (float X)
 -- Function: long double atanl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the arc tangent of X--that is, the value
     whose tangent is X.  The value is in units of radians.
     Mathematically, there are infinitely many such values; the one
     actually returned is the one between `-pi/2' and `pi/2'
     (inclusive).

 -- Function: double atan2 (double Y, double X)
 -- Function: float atan2f (float Y, float X)
 -- Function: long double atan2l (long double Y, long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function computes the arc tangent of Y/X, but the signs of
     both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result,
     and X is permitted to be zero.  The return value is given in
     radians and is in the range `-pi' to `pi', inclusive.

     If X and Y are coordinates of a point in the plane, `atan2'
     returns the signed angle between the line from the origin to that
     point and the x-axis.  Thus, `atan2' is useful for converting
     Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates.  (To compute the
     radial coordinate, use `hypot'; see *note Exponents and
     Logarithms::.)

     If both X and Y are zero, `atan2' returns zero.

   ISO C99 defines complex versions of the inverse trig functions.

 -- Function: complex double casin (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float casinf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double casinl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the complex arc sine of Z--that is, the
     value whose sine is Z.  The value returned is in radians.

     Unlike the real-valued functions, `casin' is defined for all
     values of Z.

 -- Function: complex double cacos (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float cacosf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double cacosl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the complex arc cosine of Z--that is, the
     value whose cosine is Z.  The value returned is in radians.

     Unlike the real-valued functions, `cacos' is defined for all
     values of Z.

 -- Function: complex double catan (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float catanf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double catanl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the complex arc tangent of Z--that is, the
     value whose tangent is Z.  The value is in units of radians.


File: libc.info,  Node: Exponents and Logarithms,  Next: Hyperbolic Functions,  Prev: Inverse Trig Functions,  Up: Mathematics

19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms
==================================

 -- Function: double exp (double X)
 -- Function: float expf (float X)
 -- Function: long double expl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute `e' (the base of natural logarithms) raised
     to the power X.

     If the magnitude of the result is too large to be representable,
     `exp' signals overflow.

 -- Function: double exp2 (double X)
 -- Function: float exp2f (float X)
 -- Function: long double exp2l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute `2' raised to the power X.
     Mathematically, `exp2 (x)' is the same as `exp (x * log (2))'.

 -- Function: double exp10 (double X)
 -- Function: float exp10f (float X)
 -- Function: long double exp10l (long double X)
 -- Function: double pow10 (double X)
 -- Function: float pow10f (float X)
 -- Function: long double pow10l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute `10' raised to the power X.
     Mathematically, `exp10 (x)' is the same as `exp (x * log (10))'.

     These functions are GNU extensions.  The name `exp10' is
     preferred, since it is analogous to `exp' and `exp2'.

 -- Function: double log (double X)
 -- Function: float logf (float X)
 -- Function: long double logl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the natural logarithm of X.  `exp (log
     (X))' equals X, exactly in mathematics and approximately in C.

     If X is negative, `log' signals a domain error.  If X is zero, it
     returns negative infinity; if X is too close to zero, it may
     signal overflow.

 -- Function: double log10 (double X)
 -- Function: float log10f (float X)
 -- Function: long double log10l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the base-10 logarithm of X.  `log10 (X)'
     equals `log (X) / log (10)'.


 -- Function: double log2 (double X)
 -- Function: float log2f (float X)
 -- Function: long double log2l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the base-2 logarithm of X.  `log2 (X)'
     equals `log (X) / log (2)'.

 -- Function: double logb (double X)
 -- Function: float logbf (float X)
 -- Function: long double logbl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions extract the exponent of X and return it as a
     floating-point value.  If `FLT_RADIX' is two, `logb' is equal to
     `floor (log2 (x))', except it's probably faster.

     If X is de-normalized, `logb' returns the exponent X would have if
     it were normalized.  If X is infinity (positive or negative),
     `logb' returns oo.  If X is zero, `logb' returns oo.  It does not
     signal.

 -- Function: int ilogb (double X)
 -- Function: int ilogbf (float X)
 -- Function: int ilogbl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are equivalent to the corresponding `logb'
     functions except that they return signed integer values.

Since integers cannot represent infinity and NaN, `ilogb' instead
returns an integer that can't be the exponent of a normal floating-point
number.  `math.h' defines constants so you can check for this.

 -- Macro: int FP_ILOGB0
     `ilogb' returns this value if its argument is `0'.  The numeric
     value is either `INT_MIN' or `-INT_MAX'.

     This macro is defined in ISO C99.

 -- Macro: int FP_ILOGBNAN
     `ilogb' returns this value if its argument is `NaN'.  The numeric
     value is either `INT_MIN' or `INT_MAX'.

     This macro is defined in ISO C99.

   These values are system specific.  They might even be the same.  The
proper way to test the result of `ilogb' is as follows:

     i = ilogb (f);
     if (i == FP_ILOGB0 || i == FP_ILOGBNAN)
       {
         if (isnan (f))
           {
             /* Handle NaN.  */
           }
         else if (f  == 0.0)
           {
             /* Handle 0.0.  */
           }
         else
           {
             /* Some other value with large exponent,
                perhaps +Inf.  */
           }
       }

 -- Function: double pow (double BASE, double POWER)
 -- Function: float powf (float BASE, float POWER)
 -- Function: long double powl (long double BASE, long double POWER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These are general exponentiation functions, returning BASE raised
     to POWER.

     Mathematically, `pow' would return a complex number when BASE is
     negative and POWER is not an integral value.  `pow' can't do that,
     so instead it signals a domain error. `pow' may also underflow or
     overflow the destination type.

 -- Function: double sqrt (double X)
 -- Function: float sqrtf (float X)
 -- Function: long double sqrtl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the nonnegative square root of X.

     If X is negative, `sqrt' signals a domain error.  Mathematically,
     it should return a complex number.

 -- Function: double cbrt (double X)
 -- Function: float cbrtf (float X)
 -- Function: long double cbrtl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the cube root of X.  They cannot fail;
     every representable real value has a representable real cube root.

 -- Function: double hypot (double X, double Y)
 -- Function: float hypotf (float X, float Y)
 -- Function: long double hypotl (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return `sqrt (X*X + Y*Y)'.  This is the length of
     the hypotenuse of a right triangle with sides of length X and Y,
     or the distance of the point (X, Y) from the origin.  Using this
     function instead of the direct formula is wise, since the error is
     much smaller.  See also the function `cabs' in *note Absolute
     Value::.

 -- Function: double expm1 (double X)
 -- Function: float expm1f (float X)
 -- Function: long double expm1l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return a value equivalent to `exp (X) - 1'.  They
     are computed in a way that is accurate even if X is near zero--a
     case where `exp (X) - 1' would be inaccurate owing to subtraction
     of two numbers that are nearly equal.

 -- Function: double log1p (double X)
 -- Function: float log1pf (float X)
 -- Function: long double log1pl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions returns a value equivalent to `log (1 + X)'.  They
     are computed in a way that is accurate even if X is near zero.

   ISO C99 defines complex variants of some of the exponentiation and
logarithm functions.

 -- Function: complex double cexp (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float cexpf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double cexpl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return `e' (the base of natural logarithms) raised
     to the power of Z.  Mathematically, this corresponds to the value

     exp (z) = exp (creal (z)) * (cos (cimag (z)) + I * sin (cimag (z)))

 -- Function: complex double clog (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float clogf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double clogl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the natural logarithm of Z.
     Mathematically, this corresponds to the value

     log (z) = log (cabs (z)) + I * carg (z)

     `clog' has a pole at 0, and will signal overflow if Z equals or is
     very close to 0.  It is well-defined for all other values of Z.

 -- Function: complex double clog10 (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float clog10f (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double clog10l (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the base 10 logarithm of the complex value
     Z.  Mathematically, this corresponds to the value

     log (z) = log10 (cabs (z)) + I * carg (z)

     These functions are GNU extensions.

 -- Function: complex double csqrt (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float csqrtf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double csqrtl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex square root of the argument Z.
     Unlike the real-valued functions, they are defined for all values
     of Z.

 -- Function: complex double cpow (complex double BASE, complex double
          POWER)
 -- Function: complex float cpowf (complex float BASE, complex float
          POWER)
 -- Function: complex long double cpowl (complex long double BASE,
          complex long double POWER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return BASE raised to the power of POWER.  This is
     equivalent to `cexp (y * clog (x))'


File: libc.info,  Node: Hyperbolic Functions,  Next: Special Functions,  Prev: Exponents and Logarithms,  Up: Mathematics

19.5 Hyperbolic Functions
=========================

The functions in this section are related to the exponential functions;
see *note Exponents and Logarithms::.

 -- Function: double sinh (double X)
 -- Function: float sinhf (float X)
 -- Function: long double sinhl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the hyperbolic sine of X, defined
     mathematically as `(exp (X) - exp (-X)) / 2'.  They may signal
     overflow if X is too large.

 -- Function: double cosh (double X)
 -- Function: float coshf (float X)
 -- Function: long double coshl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These function return the hyperbolic cosine of X, defined
     mathematically as `(exp (X) + exp (-X)) / 2'.  They may signal
     overflow if X is too large.

 -- Function: double tanh (double X)
 -- Function: float tanhf (float X)
 -- Function: long double tanhl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the hyperbolic tangent of X, defined
     mathematically as `sinh (X) / cosh (X)'.  They may signal overflow
     if X is too large.

   There are counterparts for the hyperbolic functions which take
complex arguments.

 -- Function: complex double csinh (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float csinhf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double csinhl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex hyperbolic sine of Z, defined
     mathematically as `(exp (Z) - exp (-Z)) / 2'.

 -- Function: complex double ccosh (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float ccoshf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double ccoshl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex hyperbolic cosine of Z, defined
     mathematically as `(exp (Z) + exp (-Z)) / 2'.

 -- Function: complex double ctanh (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float ctanhf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double ctanhl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the complex hyperbolic tangent of Z,
     defined mathematically as `csinh (Z) / ccosh (Z)'.

 -- Function: double asinh (double X)
 -- Function: float asinhf (float X)
 -- Function: long double asinhl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the inverse hyperbolic sine of X--the value
     whose hyperbolic sine is X.

 -- Function: double acosh (double X)
 -- Function: float acoshf (float X)
 -- Function: long double acoshl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of X--the
     value whose hyperbolic cosine is X.  If X is less than `1',
     `acosh' signals a domain error.

 -- Function: double atanh (double X)
 -- Function: float atanhf (float X)
 -- Function: long double atanhl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of X--the
     value whose hyperbolic tangent is X.  If the absolute value of X
     is greater than `1', `atanh' signals a domain error; if it is
     equal to 1, `atanh' returns infinity.

 -- Function: complex double casinh (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float casinhf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double casinhl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic sine of
     Z--the value whose complex hyperbolic sine is Z.

 -- Function: complex double cacosh (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float cacoshf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double cacoshl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic cosine of
     Z--the value whose complex hyperbolic cosine is Z.  Unlike the
     real-valued functions, there are no restrictions on the value of Z.

 -- Function: complex double catanh (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float catanhf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double catanhl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the inverse complex hyperbolic tangent of
     Z--the value whose complex hyperbolic tangent is Z.  Unlike the
     real-valued functions, there are no restrictions on the value of Z.


File: libc.info,  Node: Special Functions,  Next: Errors in Math Functions,  Prev: Hyperbolic Functions,  Up: Mathematics

19.6 Special Functions
======================

These are some more exotic mathematical functions which are sometimes
useful.  Currently they only have real-valued versions.

 -- Function: double erf (double X)
 -- Function: float erff (float X)
 -- Function: long double erfl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `erf' returns the error function of X.  The error function is
     defined as
          erf (x) = 2/sqrt(pi) * integral from 0 to x of exp(-t^2) dt

 -- Function: double erfc (double X)
 -- Function: float erfcf (float X)
 -- Function: long double erfcl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `erfc' returns `1.0 - erf(X)', but computed in a fashion that
     avoids round-off error when X is large.

 -- Function: double lgamma (double X)
 -- Function: float lgammaf (float X)
 -- Function: long double lgammal (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:signgam | AS-Unsafe | AC-Safe |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     `lgamma' returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of
     the gamma function of X.  The gamma function is defined as
          gamma (x) = integral from 0 to oo of t^(x-1) e^-t dt

     The sign of the gamma function is stored in the global variable
     SIGNGAM, which is declared in `math.h'.  It is `1' if the
     intermediate result was positive or zero, or `-1' if it was
     negative.

     To compute the real gamma function you can use the `tgamma'
     function or you can compute the values as follows:
          lgam = lgamma(x);
          gam  = signgam*exp(lgam);

     The gamma function has singularities at the non-positive integers.
     `lgamma' will raise the zero divide exception if evaluated at a
     singularity.

 -- Function: double lgamma_r (double X, int *SIGNP)
 -- Function: float lgammaf_r (float X, int *SIGNP)
 -- Function: long double lgammal_r (long double X, int *SIGNP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `lgamma_r' is just like `lgamma', but it stores the sign of the
     intermediate result in the variable pointed to by SIGNP instead of
     in the SIGNGAM global.  This means it is reentrant.

 -- Function: double gamma (double X)
 -- Function: float gammaf (float X)
 -- Function: long double gammal (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:signgam | AS-Unsafe | AC-Safe |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     These functions exist for compatibility reasons.  They are
     equivalent to `lgamma' etc.  It is better to use `lgamma' since
     for one the name reflects better the actual computation, moreover
     `lgamma' is standardized in ISO C99 while `gamma' is not.

 -- Function: double tgamma (double X)
 -- Function: float tgammaf (float X)
 -- Function: long double tgammal (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `tgamma' applies the gamma function to X.  The gamma function is
     defined as
          gamma (x) = integral from 0 to oo of t^(x-1) e^-t dt

     This function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: double j0 (double X)
 -- Function: float j0f (float X)
 -- Function: long double j0l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `j0' returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 of
     X.  It may signal underflow if X is too large.

 -- Function: double j1 (double X)
 -- Function: float j1f (float X)
 -- Function: long double j1l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `j1' returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 of
     X.  It may signal underflow if X is too large.

 -- Function: double jn (int N, double X)
 -- Function: float jnf (int N, float X)
 -- Function: long double jnl (int N, long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `jn' returns the Bessel function of the first kind of order N of
     X.  It may signal underflow if X is too large.

 -- Function: double y0 (double X)
 -- Function: float y0f (float X)
 -- Function: long double y0l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `y0' returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 of
     X.  It may signal underflow if X is too large.  If X is negative,
     `y0' signals a domain error; if it is zero, `y0' signals overflow
     and returns -oo.

 -- Function: double y1 (double X)
 -- Function: float y1f (float X)
 -- Function: long double y1l (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `y1' returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 of
     X.  It may signal underflow if X is too large.  If X is negative,
     `y1' signals a domain error; if it is zero, `y1' signals overflow
     and returns -oo.

 -- Function: double yn (int N, double X)
 -- Function: float ynf (int N, float X)
 -- Function: long double ynl (int N, long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `yn' returns the Bessel function of the second kind of order N of
     X.  It may signal underflow if X is too large.  If X is negative,
     `yn' signals a domain error; if it is zero, `yn' signals overflow
     and returns -oo.


File: libc.info,  Node: Errors in Math Functions,  Next: Pseudo-Random Numbers,  Prev: Special Functions,  Up: Mathematics

19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions
===========================================

This section lists the known errors of the functions in the math
library.  Errors are measured in "units of the last place".  This is a
measure for the relative error.  For a number z with the representation
d.d...d*2^e (we assume IEEE floating-point numbers with base 2) the ULP
is represented by

     |d.d...d - (z / 2^e)| / 2^(p - 1)

where p is the number of bits in the mantissa of the floating-point
number representation.  Ideally the error for all functions is always
less than 0.5ulps in round-to-nearest mode.  Using rounding bits this
is also possible and normally implemented for the basic operations.
Except for certain functions such as `sqrt', `fma' and `rint' whose
results are fully specified by reference to corresponding IEEE 754
floating-point operations, and conversions between strings and floating
point, the GNU C Library does not aim for correctly rounded results for
functions in the math library, and does not aim for correctness in
whether "inexact" exceptions are raised.  Instead, the goals for
accuracy of functions without fully specified results are as follows;
some functions have bugs meaning they do not meet these goals in all
cases.  In future, the GNU C Library may provide some other correctly
rounding functions under the names such as `crsin' proposed for an
extension to ISO C.

   * Each function with a floating-point result behaves as if it
     computes an infinite-precision result that is within a few ulp (in
     both real and complex parts, for functions with complex results)
     of the mathematically correct value of the function (interpreted
     together with ISO C or POSIX semantics for the function in
     question) at the exact value passed as the input.  Exceptions are
     raised appropriately for this value and in accordance with IEEE
     754 / ISO C / POSIX semantics, and it is then rounded according to
     the current rounding direction to the result that is returned to
     the user.  `errno' may also be set (*note Math Error Reporting::).

   * For the IBM `long double' format, as used on PowerPC GNU/Linux,
     the accuracy goal is weaker for input values not exactly
     representable in 106 bits of precision; it is as if the input
     value is some value within 0.5ulp of the value actually passed,
     where "ulp" is interpreted in terms of a fixed-precision 106-bit
     mantissa, but not necessarily the exact value actually passed with
     discontiguous mantissa bits.

   * Functions behave as if the infinite-precision result computed is
     zero, infinity or NaN if and only if that is the mathematically
     correct infinite-precision result.  They behave as if the
     infinite-precision result computed always has the same sign as the
     mathematically correct result.

   * If the mathematical result is more than a few ulp above the
     overflow threshold for the current rounding direction, the value
     returned is the appropriate overflow value for the current
     rounding direction, with the overflow exception raised.

   * If the mathematical result has magnitude well below half the least
     subnormal magnitude, the returned value is either zero or the least
     subnormal (in each case, with the correct sign), according to the
     current rounding direction and with the underflow exception raised.

   * Where the mathematical result underflows and is not exactly
     representable as a floating-point value, the underflow exception is
     raised (so there may be spurious underflow exceptions in cases
     where the underflowing result is exact, but not missing underflow
     exceptions in cases where it is inexact).

   * The GNU C Library does not aim for functions to satisfy other
     properties of the underlying mathematical function, such as
     monotonicity, where not implied by the above goals.

   * All the above applies to both real and complex parts, for complex
     functions.


   Therefore many of the functions in the math library have errors.  The
table lists the maximum error for each function which is exposed by one
of the existing tests in the test suite.  The table tries to cover as
much as possible and list the actual maximum error (or at least a
ballpark figure) but this is often not achieved due to the large search
space.

   The table lists the ULP values for different architectures.
Different architectures have different results since their hardware
support for floating-point operations varies and also the existing
hardware support is different.

Function      aarch64         Alpha           ARM             Generic         hppa/fpu
acosf         -               -               -               -               -
acos          -               -               -               -               -
acosl         -               -               -               -               -
acoshf        -               -               -               -               -
acosh         1               1               1               -               1
acoshl        1               1               -               -               -
asinf         -               -               -               -               -
asin          -               -               -               -               -
asinl         -               1               -               -               -
asinhf        1               1               1               -               1
asinh         1               1               1               -               1
asinhl        1               1               -               -               -
atanf         -               -               -               -               -
atan          1               -               -               -               -
atanl         -               -               -               -               -
atanhf        1               1               1               -               1
atanh         -               -               -               -               -
atanhl        1               1               -               -               -
atan2f        1               1               1               -               1
atan2         -               -               -               -               -
atan2l        1               1               -               -               -
cabsf         -               -               -               -               -
cabs          -               -               -               -               -
cabsl         -               -               -               -               -
cacosf        2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2
cacos         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
cacosl        2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               -               -
cacoshf       2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2
cacosh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
cacoshl       2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               -               -
cargf         -               -               -               -               -
carg          -               -               -               -               -
cargl         -               -               -               -               -
casinf        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               1 + i 2
casin         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
casinl        2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               -               1 + i 0
casinhf       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               2 + i 1
casinh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               5 + i 3
casinhl       2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               -               5 + i 3
catanf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
catan         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         -               0 + i 1
catanl        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               0 + i 1
catanhf       1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
catanh        1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               4 + i 0
catanhl       1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               4 + i 0
cbrtf         1               1               1               -               1
cbrt          1               1               1               -               1
cbrtl         -               1               -               -               1
ccosf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccos          1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccosl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               1 + i 0
ccoshf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccosh         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccoshl        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               1 + i 0
ceilf         -               -               -               -               -
ceil          -               -               -               -               -
ceill         -               -               -               -               -
cexpf         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               1 + i 2
cexp          2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               2 + i 1
cexpl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               -
cimagf        -               -               -               -               -
cimag         -               -               -               -               -
cimagl        -               -               -               -               -
clogf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
clog          1 + i 1         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 0
clogl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               -
clog10f       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               2 + i 1
clog10        2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               2 + i 1
clog10l       2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               -               0 + i 1
conjf         -               -               -               -               -
conj          -               -               -               -               -
conjl         -               -               -               -               -
copysignf     -               -               -               -               -
copysign      -               -               -               -               -
copysignl     -               -               -               -               -
cosf          1               1               1               -               1
cos           -               -               -               -               2
cosl          1               1               -               -               2
coshf         1               1               1               -               1
cosh          1               1               1               -               1
coshl         1               1               -               -               -
cpowf         5 + i 2         4 + i 2         4 + i 2         -               4 + i 2
cpow          2 + i 0         2 + i 0         2 + i 0         -               2 + i 2
cpowl         4 + i 1         4 + i 1         -               -               2 + i 2
cprojf        -               -               -               -               -
cproj         -               -               -               -               -
cprojl        -               -               -               -               -
crealf        -               -               -               -               -
creal         -               -               -               -               -
creall        -               -               -               -               -
csinf         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 0
csin          1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 0
csinl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               -
csinhf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
csinh         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         -               0 + i 1
csinhl        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               0 + i 1
csqrtf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
csqrt         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
csqrtl        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               -
ctanf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ctan          1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               1 + i 2
ctanl         3 + i 3         3 + i 3         -               -               0 + i 1
ctanhf        2 + i 1         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               1 + i 2
ctanh         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2
ctanhl        3 + i 3         3 + i 3         -               -               1 + i 0
erff          -               -               -               -               -
erf           1               1               1               -               1
erfl          1               1               -               -               1
erfcf         1               1               1               -               1
erfc          1               1               1               -               1
erfcl         1               1               -               -               1
expf          -               -               -               -               -
exp           -               -               -               -               -
expl          -               -               -               -               -
exp10f        -               -               -               -               2
exp10         1               1               1               -               6
exp10l        1               1               -               -               6
exp2f         -               -               -               -               -
exp2          -               -               -               -               -
exp2l         1               1               -               -               -
expm1f        1               1               1               -               1
expm1         1               1               1               -               1
expm1l        1               1               -               -               1
fabsf         -               -               -               -               -
fabs          -               -               -               -               -
fabsl         -               -               -               -               -
fdimf         -               -               -               -               -
fdim          -               -               -               -               -
fdiml         -               -               -               -               -
floorf        -               -               -               -               -
floor         -               -               -               -               -
floorl        -               -               -               -               -
fmaf          -               -               -               -               -
fma           -               -               -               -               -
fmal          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxf         -               -               -               -               -
fmax          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxl         -               -               -               -               -
fminf         -               -               -               -               -
fmin          -               -               -               -               -
fminl         -               -               -               -               -
fmodf         -               -               -               -               -
fmod          -               -               -               -               -
fmodl         -               -               -               -               -
frexpf        -               -               -               -               -
frexp         -               -               -               -               -
frexpl        -               -               -               -               -
gammaf        1               1               1               -               2
gamma         1               1               1               -               1
gammal        1               1               -               -               -
hypotf        -               -               -               -               1
hypot         1               1               1               -               1
hypotl        1               1               -               -               -
ilogbf        -               -               -               -               -
ilogb         -               -               -               -               -
ilogbl        -               -               -               -               -
j0f           2               2               2               -               2
j0            2               2               2               -               2
j0l           2               2               -               -               2
j1f           2               2               2               -               2
j1            1               1               1               -               1
j1l           4               4               -               -               1
jnf           4               4               4               -               5
jn            4               4               4               -               4
jnl           7               7               -               -               4
lgammaf       1               1               1               -               2
lgamma        1               1               1               -               1
lgammal       1               1               -               -               1
lrintf        -               -               -               -               -
lrint         -               -               -               -               -
lrintl        -               -               -               -               -
llrintf       -               -               -               -               -
llrint        -               -               -               -               -
llrintl       -               -               -               -               -
logf          1               1               1               -               1
log           -               -               -               -               -
logl          1               1               -               -               -
log10f        2               2               2               -               2
log10         1               1               1               -               1
log10l        1               1               -               -               1
log1pf        1               1               1               -               1
log1p         -               -               -               -               -
log1pl        1               1               -               -               -
log2f         -               -               -               -               -
log2          -               -               -               -               -
log2l         1               1               -               -               -
logbf         -               -               -               -               -
logb          -               -               -               -               -
logbl         -               -               -               -               -
lroundf       -               -               -               -               -
lround        -               -               -               -               -
lroundl       -               -               -               -               -
llroundf      -               -               -               -               -
llround       -               -               -               -               -
llroundl      -               -               -               -               -
modff         -               -               -               -               -
modf          -               -               -               -               -
modfl         -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintf    -               -               -               -               -
nearbyint     -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintl    -               -               -               -               -
nextafterf    -               -               -               -               -
nextafter     -               -               -               -               -
nextafterl    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardf   -               -               -               -               -
nexttoward    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardl   -               -               -               -               -
powf          1               1               1               -               1
pow           -               -               -               -               -
powl          1               1               -               -               -
remainderf    -               -               -               -               -
remainder     -               -               -               -               -
remainderl    -               -               -               -               -
remquof       -               -               -               -               -
remquo        -               -               -               -               -
remquol       -               -               -               -               -
rintf         -               -               -               -               -
rint          -               -               -               -               -
rintl         -               -               -               -               -
roundf        -               -               -               -               -
round         -               -               -               -               -
roundl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbf        -               -               -               -               -
scalb         -               -               -               -               -
scalbl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnf       -               -               -               -               -
scalbn        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnl       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnf      -               -               -               -               -
scalbln       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnl      -               -               -               -               -
sinf          1               1               1               -               1
sin           -               -               -               -               -
sinl          1               1               -               -               -
sincosf       1               1               1               -               1
sincos        -               -               -               -               1
sincosl       1               1               -               -               1
sinhf         -               -               -               -               -
sinh          -               -               -               -               -
sinhl         -               -               -               -               -
sqrtf         -               -               -               -               -
sqrt          -               -               -               -               -
sqrtl         -               -               -               -               -
tanf          -               -               -               -               -
tan           -               -               -               -               1
tanl          -               1               -               -               1
tanhf         -               -               -               -               -
tanh          -               -               -               -               -
tanhl         1               1               -               -               -
tgammaf       3               3               3               -               3
tgamma        4               4               4               -               4
tgammal       4               4               -               -               1
truncf        -               -               -               -               -
trunc         -               -               -               -               -
truncl        -               -               -               -               -
y0f           1               1               1               -               1
y0            2               2               2               -               2
y0l           3               3               -               -               2
y1f           2               2               2               -               2
y1            3               3               3               -               3
y1l           2               2               -               -               3
ynf           2               2               2               -               2
yn            3               3               3               -               3
ynl           5               5               -               -               3

Function      ix86            IA64            m68k/coldfire/fpum68k/m680x0/fpu microblaze
acosf         -               -               -               -               -
acos          -               -               -               -               -
acosl         1               -               -               -               -
acoshf        -               -               -               -               -
acosh         -               -               -               1               1
acoshl        -               -               -               -               -
asinf         -               -               -               -               -
asin          -               -               -               -               -
asinl         -               -               -               -               -
asinhf        -               -               -               1               1
asinh         -               -               -               -               1
asinhl        1               -               -               1               -
atanf         -               -               -               -               -
atan          -               -               -               -               -
atanl         -               -               -               -               -
atanhf        -               -               1               -               1
atanh         -               -               -               -               -
atanhl        1               -               -               -               -
atan2f        -               -               1               -               1
atan2         -               -               -               -               -
atan2l        1               -               -               1               -
cabsf         -               -               -               -               -
cabs          -               -               -               -               -
cabsl         -               -               -               -               -
cacosf        1 + i 1         2 + i 2         -               2 + i 1         2 + i 2
cacos         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
cacosl        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               1 + i 2         -
cacoshf       1 + i 1         2 + i 2         0 + i 1         1 + i 2         2 + i 2
cacosh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
cacoshl       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               2 + i 1         -
cargf         -               -               -               -               -
carg          -               -               -               -               -
cargl         -               -               -               -               -
casinf        1 + i 1         1 + i 2         1 + i 0         1 + i 1         1 + i 2
casin         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 0         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
casinl        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               1 + i 2         -
casinhf       1 + i 1         2 + i 1         1 + i 6         1 + i 1         2 + i 1
casinh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         5 + i 3         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
casinhl       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               2 + i 1         -
catanf        0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         1 + i 1
catan         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1
catanl        0 + i 1         0 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -
catanhf       1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 0         1 + i 1
catanh        1 + i 0         1 + i 0         4 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
catanhl       1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 1         -
cbrtf         -               -               -               1               1
cbrt          1               -               1               1               1
cbrtl         1               -               -               1               -
ccosf         1 + i 1         0 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccos          1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 1
ccosl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -
ccoshf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccosh         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 1
ccoshl        0 + i 1         0 + i 1         -               0 + i 1         -
ceilf         -               -               -               -               -
ceil          -               -               -               -               -
ceill         -               -               -               -               -
cexpf         1 + i 1         1 + i 2         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 2
cexp          1 + i 1         2 + i 1         -               -               2 + i 1
cexpl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -
cimagf        -               -               -               -               -
cimag         -               -               -               -               -
cimagl        -               -               -               -               -
clogf         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
clog          1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 0
clogl         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -
clog10f       1 + i 1         2 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         2 + i 1
clog10        1 + i 1         2 + i 1         0 + i 1         1 + i 1         2 + i 1
clog10l       2 + i 2         1 + i 1         -               2 + i 2         -
conjf         -               -               -               -               -
conj          -               -               -               -               -
conjl         -               -               -               -               -
copysignf     -               -               -               -               -
copysign      -               -               -               -               -
copysignl     -               -               -               -               -
cosf          1               -               1               -               1
cos           -               1               2               1               -
cosl          1               -               -               -               -
coshf         -               -               -               -               1
cosh          -               -               -               -               1
coshl         2               -               -               -               -
cpowf         5 + i 1         5 + i 2         4 + i 2         3 + i 5         4 + i 2
cpow          2 + i 1         2 + i 0         2 + i 2         1 + i 0         2 + i 0
cpowl         3 + i 4         3 + i 4         -               3 + i 1         -
cprojf        -               -               -               -               -
cproj         -               -               -               -               -
cprojl        -               -               -               -               -
crealf        -               -               -               -               -
creal         -               -               -               -               -
creall        -               -               -               -               -
csinf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               -               1 + i 0
csin          1 + i 1         1 + i 0         -               -               1 + i 0
csinl         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 0         -
csinhf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
csinh         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         0 + i 1         -               0 + i 1
csinhl        1 + i 0         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 0         -
csqrtf        -               1 + i 1         1 + i 0         -               1 + i 1
csqrt         1 + i 0         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
csqrtl        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -
ctanf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ctan          1 + i 1         1 + i 2         0 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 2
ctanl         2 + i 1         2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -
ctanhf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         2 + i 1         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
ctanh         1 + i 1         2 + i 2         1 + i 0         1 + i 1         2 + i 2
ctanhl        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -
erff          -               -               -               -               -
erf           1               -               1               -               1
erfl          1               -               -               1               -
erfcf         -               -               -               1               1
erfc          1               -               1               -               1
erfcl         1               -               -               1               -
expf          -               -               -               -               -
exp           -               -               -               -               -
expl          -               -               -               -               -
exp10f        -               -               2               -               -
exp10         -               -               6               -               1
exp10l        1               -               -               -               -
exp2f         -               -               -               -               -
exp2          -               -               -               -               -
exp2l         -               -               -               -               -
expm1f        -               -               1               -               1
expm1         -               -               1               -               1
expm1l        1               1               -               -               -
fabsf         -               -               -               -               -
fabs          -               -               -               -               -
fabsl         -               -               -               -               -
fdimf         -               -               -               -               -
fdim          -               -               -               -               -
fdiml         -               -               -               -               -
floorf        -               -               -               -               -
floor         -               -               -               -               -
floorl        -               -               -               -               -
fmaf          -               -               -               -               -
fma           -               -               -               -               -
fmal          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxf         -               -               -               -               -
fmax          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxl         -               -               -               -               -
fminf         -               -               -               -               -
fmin          -               -               -               -               -
fminl         -               -               -               -               -
fmodf         -               -               -               -               -
fmod          -               -               -               -               -
fmodl         -               -               -               -               -
frexpf        -               -               -               -               -
frexp         -               -               -               -               -
frexpl        -               -               -               -               -
gammaf        1               -               -               -               1
gamma         1               -               -               -               1
gammal        1               -               -               1               -
hypotf        -               -               1               -               -
hypot         -               -               -               1               1
hypotl        1               -               -               1               -
ilogbf        -               -               -               -               -
ilogb         -               -               -               -               -
ilogbl        -               -               -               -               -
j0f           1               2               2               2               2
j0            1               2               2               1               2
j0l           2               2               -               2               -
j1f           1               2               2               2               2
j1            2               1               1               -               1
j1l           1               1               -               1               -
jnf           3               4               4               2               4
jn            2               4               4               1               4
jnl           4               4               -               4               -
lgammaf       1               -               2               -               1
lgamma        1               -               1               -               1
lgammal       1               -               -               1               -
lrintf        -               -               -               -               -
lrint         -               -               -               -               -
lrintl        -               -               -               -               -
llrintf       -               -               -               -               -
llrint        -               -               -               -               -
llrintl       -               -               -               -               -
logf          -               -               -               -               1
log           -               -               -               -               -
logl          1               -               -               -               -
log10f        -               -               2               -               2
log10         -               -               1               -               1
log10l        1               -               -               -               -
log1pf        -               -               1               -               1
log1p         -               -               -               -               -
log1pl        1               -               -               -               -
log2f         -               -               -               -               -
log2          -               -               -               -               -
log2l         -               -               -               -               -
logbf         -               -               -               -               -
logb          -               -               -               -               -
logbl         -               -               -               -               -
lroundf       -               -               -               -               -
lround        -               -               -               -               -
lroundl       -               -               -               -               -
llroundf      -               -               -               -               -
llround       -               -               -               -               -
llroundl      -               -               -               -               -
modff         -               -               -               -               -
modf          -               -               -               -               -
modfl         -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintf    -               -               -               -               -
nearbyint     -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintl    -               -               -               -               -
nextafterf    -               -               -               -               -
nextafter     -               -               -               -               -
nextafterl    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardf   -               -               -               -               -
nexttoward    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardl   -               -               -               -               -
powf          -               -               -               7               1
pow           -               -               -               1               -
powl          1               -               -               9               -
remainderf    -               -               -               -               -
remainder     -               -               -               -               -
remainderl    -               -               -               -               -
remquof       -               -               -               -               -
remquo        -               -               -               -               -
remquol       -               -               -               -               -
rintf         -               -               -               -               -
rint          -               -               -               -               -
rintl         -               -               -               -               -
roundf        -               -               -               -               -
round         -               -               -               -               -
roundl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbf        -               -               -               -               -
scalb         -               -               -               -               -
scalbl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnf       -               -               -               -               -
scalbn        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnl       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnf      -               -               -               -               -
scalbln       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnl      -               -               -               -               -
sinf          1               -               -               -               1
sin           -               1               -               1               -
sinl          1               -               -               -               -
sincosf       1               -               1               -               1
sincos        -               1               1               -               -
sincosl       1               -               -               -               -
sinhf         -               -               -               -               -
sinh          -               -               -               -               -
sinhl         -               -               -               -               -
sqrtf         -               -               -               -               -
sqrt          -               -               -               -               -
sqrtl         -               -               -               -               -
tanf          1               -               -               -               -
tan           -               -               1               -               -
tanl          1               -               -               -               -
tanhf         -               -               -               -               -
tanh          -               -               -               -               -
tanhl         -               -               -               -               -
tgammaf       2               -               1               3               3
tgamma        4               -               1               4               4
tgammal       4               1               -               9               -
truncf        -               -               -               -               -
trunc         -               -               -               -               -
truncl        -               -               -               -               -
y0f           1               1               1               1               1
y0            1               2               2               1               2
y0l           1               1               -               1               -
y1f           2               2               2               3               2
y1            2               3               3               1               3
y1l           2               2               -               2               -
ynf           3               3               2               3               2
yn            2               3               3               1               3
ynl           4               2               -               4               -

Function      mips/mips32     mips/mips64     nios2           PowerPC         powerpc/nofpu
acosf         -               -               -               -               -
acos          -               -               -               -               -
acosl         -               -               -               1               1
acoshf        -               -               -               -               -
acosh         1               1               1               1               1
acoshl        -               1               -               1               1
asinf         -               -               -               -               -
asin          -               -               -               -               -
asinl         -               -               -               2               2
asinhf        1               1               1               1               1
asinh         1               1               1               1               1
asinhl        -               1               -               1               1
atanf         -               -               -               -               -
atan          -               -               -               1               -
atanl         -               -               -               -               -
atanhf        1               1               1               1               1
atanh         -               -               -               -               -
atanhl        -               1               -               1               1
atan2f        1               1               1               1               1
atan2         -               -               -               -               -
atan2l        -               1               -               2               2
cabsf         -               -               -               1               -
cabs          -               -               -               -               -
cabsl         -               -               -               1               1
cacosf        2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2
cacos         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 3         1 + i 1
cacosl        -               2 + i 2         -               1 + i 2         2 + i 2
cacoshf       2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         7 + i 3         2 + i 2
cacosh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
cacoshl       -               2 + i 2         -               2 + i 1         2 + i 2
cargf         -               -               -               -               -
carg          -               -               -               -               -
cargl         -               -               -               1               1
casinf        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
casin         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 3         1 + i 1
casinl        -               2 + i 2         -               1 + i 2         2 + i 2
casinhf       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
casinh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         5 + i 3         1 + i 1
casinhl       -               2 + i 2         -               2 + i 1         2 + i 2
catanf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         4 + i 1         1 + i 1
catan         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1
catanl        -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
catanhf       1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
catanh        1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         4 + i 0         1 + i 0
catanhl       -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
cbrtf         1               1               1               1               1
cbrt          1               1               1               1               1
cbrtl         -               -               -               1               1
ccosf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccos          1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccosl         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 2
ccoshf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccosh         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccoshl        -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 2         1 + i 2
ceilf         -               -               -               -               -
ceil          -               -               -               -               -
ceill         -               -               -               -               -
cexpf         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
cexp          2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
cexpl         -               1 + i 1         -               2 + i 2         2 + i 2
cimagf        -               -               -               -               -
cimag         -               -               -               -               -
cimagl        -               -               -               -               -
clogf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         2 + i 3         1 + i 1
clog          1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 1         1 + i 0
clogl         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 2         1 + i 2
clog10f       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
clog10        2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
clog10l       -               2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         2 + i 2
conjf         -               -               -               -               -
conj          -               -               -               -               -
conjl         -               -               -               -               -
copysignf     -               -               -               -               -
copysign      -               -               -               -               -
copysignl     -               -               -               -               -
cosf          1               1               1               1               1
cos           -               -               -               2               -
cosl          -               1               -               2               2
coshf         1               1               1               1               1
cosh          1               1               1               1               1
coshl         -               1               -               3               3
cpowf         4 + i 2         4 + i 2         4 + i 2         5 + i 2         4 + i 2
cpow          2 + i 0         2 + i 0         2 + i 0         2 + i 2         2 + i 0
cpowl         -               4 + i 1         -               4 + i 2         4 + i 1
cprojf        -               -               -               -               -
cproj         -               -               -               -               -
cprojl        -               -               -               0 + i 1         -
crealf        -               -               -               -               -
creal         -               -               -               -               -
creall        -               -               -               -               -
csinf         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
csin          1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
csinl         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         2 + i 1
csinhf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
csinh         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1
csinhl        -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 2
csqrtf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         2 + i 2         1 + i 1
csqrt         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
csqrtl        -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ctanf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ctan          1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
ctanl         -               3 + i 3         -               2 + i 2         2 + i 2
ctanhf        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         2 + i 1         1 + i 2
ctanh         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2
ctanhl        -               3 + i 3         -               2 + i 3         2 + i 3
erff          -               -               -               -               -
erf           1               1               1               1               1
erfl          -               1               -               1               1
erfcf         1               1               1               1               1
erfc          1               1               1               1               1
erfcl         -               1               -               2               2
expf          -               -               -               -               -
exp           -               -               -               -               -
expl          -               -               -               1               1
exp10f        -               -               -               1               -
exp10         1               1               1               1               1
exp10l        -               1               -               1               1
exp2f         -               -               -               -               -
exp2          -               -               -               -               -
exp2l         -               1               -               2               -
expm1f        1               1               1               1               1
expm1         1               1               1               1               1
expm1l        -               1               -               1               1
fabsf         -               -               -               -               -
fabs          -               -               -               -               -
fabsl         -               -               -               -               -
fdimf         -               -               -               -               -
fdim          -               -               -               -               -
fdiml         -               -               -               -               -
floorf        -               -               -               -               -
floor         -               -               -               -               -
floorl        -               -               -               -               -
fmaf          -               -               -               -               -
fma           -               -               -               -               -
fmal          -               -               -               1               1
fmaxf         -               -               -               -               -
fmax          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxl         -               -               -               -               -
fminf         -               -               -               -               -
fmin          -               -               -               -               -
fminl         -               -               -               -               -
fmodf         -               -               -               -               -
fmod          -               -               -               -               -
fmodl         -               -               -               -               -
frexpf        -               -               -               -               -
frexp         -               -               -               -               -
frexpl        -               -               -               -               -
gammaf        1               1               1               2               1
gamma         1               1               1               1               1
gammal        -               1               -               1               1
hypotf        -               -               -               1               -
hypot         1               1               1               1               1
hypotl        -               1               -               1               1
ilogbf        -               -               -               -               -
ilogb         -               -               -               -               -
ilogbl        -               -               -               -               -
j0f           2               2               2               2               2
j0            2               2               2               3               2
j0l           -               2               -               2               2
j1f           2               2               2               2               2
j1            1               1               1               1               1
j1l           -               4               -               1               1
jnf           4               4               4               5               4
jn            4               4               4               4               4
jnl           -               7               -               7               4
lgammaf       1               1               1               2               1
lgamma        1               1               1               1               1
lgammal       -               1               -               1               1
lrintf        -               -               -               -               -
lrint         -               -               -               -               -
lrintl        -               -               -               -               -
llrintf       -               -               -               -               -
llrint        -               -               -               -               -
llrintl       -               -               -               -               -
logf          1               1               1               1               1
log           -               -               -               -               -
logl          -               1               -               1               1
log10f        2               2               2               2               2
log10         1               1               1               1               1
log10l        -               1               -               1               1
log1pf        1               1               1               1               1
log1p         -               -               -               -               -
log1pl        -               1               -               1               1
log2f         -               -               -               -               -
log2          -               -               -               -               -
log2l         -               1               -               1               1
logbf         -               -               -               -               -
logb          -               -               -               -               -
logbl         -               -               -               -               -
lroundf       -               -               -               -               -
lround        -               -               -               -               -
lroundl       -               -               -               -               -
llroundf      -               -               -               -               -
llround       -               -               -               -               -
llroundl      -               -               -               -               -
modff         -               -               -               -               -
modf          -               -               -               -               -
modfl         -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintf    -               -               -               -               -
nearbyint     -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintl    -               -               -               -               -
nextafterf    -               -               -               -               -
nextafter     -               -               -               -               -
nextafterl    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardf   -               -               -               -               -
nexttoward    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardl   -               -               -               -               -
powf          1               1               1               1               1
pow           -               -               -               -               -
powl          -               1               -               1               1
remainderf    -               -               -               -               -
remainder     -               -               -               -               -
remainderl    -               -               -               -               -
remquof       -               -               -               -               -
remquo        -               -               -               -               -
remquol       -               -               -               -               -
rintf         -               -               -               -               -
rint          -               -               -               -               -
rintl         -               -               -               -               -
roundf        -               -               -               -               -
round         -               -               -               -               -
roundl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbf        -               -               -               -               -
scalb         -               -               -               -               -
scalbl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnf       -               -               -               -               -
scalbn        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnl       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnf      -               -               -               -               -
scalbln       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnl      -               -               -               -               -
sinf          1               1               1               1               1
sin           -               -               -               -               -
sinl          -               1               -               1               1
sincosf       1               1               1               1               1
sincos        -               -               -               1               -
sincosl       -               1               -               1               1
sinhf         -               -               -               -               -
sinh          -               -               -               -               -
sinhl         -               -               -               1               1
sqrtf         -               -               -               -               -
sqrt          -               -               -               1               -
sqrtl         -               -               -               1               1
tanf          -               -               -               -               -
tan           -               -               -               1               -
tanl          -               -               -               2               2
tanhf         -               -               -               -               -
tanh          -               -               -               -               -
tanhl         -               1               -               1               1
tgammaf       3               3               3               3               3
tgamma        4               4               4               4               4
tgammal       -               4               -               3               3
truncf        -               -               -               -               -
trunc         -               -               -               -               -
truncl        -               -               -               -               -
y0f           1               1               1               1               1
y0            2               2               2               2               2
y0l           -               3               -               1               1
y1f           2               2               2               2               2
y1            3               3               3               3               3
y1l           -               2               -               2               2
ynf           2               2               2               2               2
yn            3               3               3               3               3
ynl           -               5               -               2               2

Function      S/390           sh              sparc/fpu       tile            x86_64/fpu
acosf         -               -               -               -               -
acos          -               -               -               -               -
acosl         -               -               -               -               1
acoshf        -               -               -               -               -
acosh         1               1               1               1               1
acoshl        1               -               1               -               -
asinf         -               -               -               -               -
asin          -               -               -               -               -
asinl         1               -               1               -               -
asinhf        1               1               1               1               1
asinh         1               1               1               1               1
asinhl        1               -               1               -               1
atanf         -               -               -               -               -
atan          1               -               -               -               -
atanl         -               -               -               -               -
atanhf        1               1               1               1               1
atanh         -               -               -               -               -
atanhl        1               -               1               -               1
atan2f        1               1               1               1               1
atan2         -               -               -               -               -
atan2l        1               -               1               -               1
cabsf         -               -               -               -               -
cabs          -               -               -               -               -
cabsl         -               -               -               -               -
cacosf        2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2
cacos         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
cacosl        2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -               1 + i 2
cacoshf       2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2
cacosh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
cacoshl       2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -               2 + i 1
cargf         -               -               -               -               -
carg          -               -               -               -               -
cargl         -               -               -               -               -
casinf        1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
casin         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
casinl        2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -               1 + i 2
casinhf       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
casinh        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
casinhl       2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -               2 + i 1
catanf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
catan         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1
catanl        1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               0 + i 1
catanhf       1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
catanh        1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
catanhl       1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 0
cbrtf         1               1               1               1               1
cbrt          1               1               1               1               1
cbrtl         1               -               1               -               1
ccosf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccos          1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccosl         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ccoshf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccosh         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
ccoshl        1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               0 + i 1
ceilf         -               -               -               -               -
ceil          -               -               -               -               -
ceill         -               -               -               -               -
cexpf         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
cexp          2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
cexpl         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
cimagf        -               -               -               -               -
cimag         -               -               -               -               -
cimagl        -               -               -               -               -
clogf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
clog          1 + i 1         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
clogl         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
clog10f       2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
clog10        2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1         2 + i 1
clog10l       2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2         -               2 + i 2
conjf         -               -               -               -               -
conj          -               -               -               -               -
conjl         -               -               -               -               -
copysignf     -               -               -               -               -
copysign      -               -               -               -               -
copysignl     -               -               -               -               -
cosf          1               1               1               1               -
cos           -               -               -               -               -
cosl          1               -               1               -               1
coshf         1               1               1               1               1
cosh          1               1               1               1               1
coshl         1               -               1               -               2
cpowf         5 + i 2         4 + i 2         4 + i 2         4 + i 2         5 + i 2
cpow          2 + i 0         2 + i 0         2 + i 0         2 + i 0         2 + i 0
cpowl         4 + i 1         -               4 + i 1         -               3 + i 4
cprojf        -               -               -               -               -
cproj         -               -               -               -               -
cprojl        -               -               -               -               -
crealf        -               -               -               -               -
creal         -               -               -               -               -
creall        -               -               -               -               -
csinf         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
csin          1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0         1 + i 0
csinl         1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 0
csinhf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
csinh         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1         0 + i 1
csinhl        1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 0
csqrtf        1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
csqrt         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1
csqrtl        1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1         -               1 + i 1
ctanf         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 1         1 + i 2
ctan          1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2
ctanl         3 + i 3         -               3 + i 3         -               2 + i 1
ctanhf        2 + i 1         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         1 + i 2         2 + i 2
ctanh         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2         2 + i 2
ctanhl        3 + i 3         -               3 + i 3         -               1 + i 2
erff          -               -               -               -               -
erf           1               1               1               1               1
erfl          1               -               1               -               1
erfcf         1               1               1               1               1
erfc          1               1               1               1               1
erfcl         1               -               1               -               1
expf          -               -               -               -               -
exp           -               -               -               -               -
expl          -               -               -               -               -
exp10f        -               -               -               -               -
exp10         1               1               1               1               1
exp10l        1               -               1               -               1
exp2f         -               -               -               -               -
exp2          -               -               -               -               -
exp2l         1               -               1               -               -
expm1f        1               1               1               1               1
expm1         1               1               1               1               1
expm1l        1               -               1               -               1
fabsf         -               -               -               -               -
fabs          -               -               -               -               -
fabsl         -               -               -               -               -
fdimf         -               -               -               -               -
fdim          -               -               -               -               -
fdiml         -               -               -               -               -
floorf        -               -               -               -               -
floor         -               -               -               -               -
floorl        -               -               -               -               -
fmaf          -               -               -               -               -
fma           -               -               -               -               -
fmal          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxf         -               -               -               -               -
fmax          -               -               -               -               -
fmaxl         -               -               -               -               -
fminf         -               -               -               -               -
fmin          -               -               -               -               -
fminl         -               -               -               -               -
fmodf         -               -               -               -               -
fmod          -               -               -               -               -
fmodl         -               -               -               -               -
frexpf        -               -               -               -               -
frexp         -               -               -               -               -
frexpl        -               -               -               -               -
gammaf        1               1               1               1               1
gamma         1               1               1               1               1
gammal        1               -               1               -               1
hypotf        -               -               -               -               -
hypot         1               1               1               1               1
hypotl        1               -               1               -               1
ilogbf        -               -               -               -               -
ilogb         -               -               -               -               -
ilogbl        -               -               -               -               -
j0f           2               2               2               2               2
j0            2               2               2               2               2
j0l           2               -               2               -               2
j1f           2               2               2               2               2
j1            1               1               1               1               1
j1l           4               -               4               -               1
jnf           4               4               4               4               4
jn            4               4               4               4               4
jnl           7               -               7               -               4
lgammaf       1               1               1               1               1
lgamma        1               1               1               1               1
lgammal       1               -               1               -               1
lrintf        -               -               -               -               -
lrint         -               -               -               -               -
lrintl        -               -               -               -               -
llrintf       -               -               -               -               -
llrint        -               -               -               -               -
llrintl       -               -               -               -               -
logf          1               1               1               1               1
log           -               -               -               -               -
logl          1               -               1               -               1
log10f        2               2               2               2               2
log10         1               1               1               1               1
log10l        1               -               1               -               1
log1pf        1               1               1               1               1
log1p         -               -               -               -               -
log1pl        1               -               1               -               1
log2f         -               -               -               -               -
log2          -               -               -               -               -
log2l         1               -               1               -               -
logbf         -               -               -               -               -
logb          -               -               -               -               -
logbl         -               -               -               -               -
lroundf       -               -               -               -               -
lround        -               -               -               -               -
lroundl       -               -               -               -               -
llroundf      -               -               -               -               -
llround       -               -               -               -               -
llroundl      -               -               -               -               -
modff         -               -               -               -               -
modf          -               -               -               -               -
modfl         -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintf    -               -               -               -               -
nearbyint     -               -               -               -               -
nearbyintl    -               -               -               -               -
nextafterf    -               -               -               -               -
nextafter     -               -               -               -               -
nextafterl    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardf   -               -               -               -               -
nexttoward    -               -               -               -               -
nexttowardl   -               -               -               -               -
powf          1               1               1               1               1
pow           -               -               -               -               -
powl          1               -               1               -               1
remainderf    -               -               -               -               -
remainder     -               -               -               -               -
remainderl    -               -               -               -               -
remquof       -               -               -               -               -
remquo        -               -               -               -               -
remquol       -               -               -               -               -
rintf         -               -               -               -               -
rint          -               -               -               -               -
rintl         -               -               -               -               -
roundf        -               -               -               -               -
round         -               -               -               -               -
roundl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbf        -               -               -               -               -
scalb         -               -               -               -               -
scalbl        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnf       -               -               -               -               -
scalbn        -               -               -               -               -
scalbnl       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnf      -               -               -               -               -
scalbln       -               -               -               -               -
scalblnl      -               -               -               -               -
sinf          1               1               1               1               -
sin           -               -               -               -               -
sinl          1               -               1               -               1
sincosf       1               1               1               1               -
sincos        -               -               -               -               -
sincosl       1               -               1               -               1
sinhf         -               -               -               -               -
sinh          -               -               -               -               -
sinhl         -               -               -               -               1
sqrtf         -               -               -               -               -
sqrt          -               -               -               -               -
sqrtl         -               -               -               -               -
tanf          -               -               -               -               -
tan           -               -               -               -               -
tanl          1               -               1               -               1
tanhf         -               -               -               -               -
tanh          -               -               -               -               -
tanhl         1               -               1               -               -
tgammaf       3               3               3               3               3
tgamma        4               4               4               4               4
tgammal       4               -               4               -               4
truncf        -               -               -               -               -
trunc         -               -               -               -               -
truncl        -               -               -               -               -
y0f           1               1               1               1               1
y0            2               2               2               2               2
y0l           3               -               3               -               1
y1f           2               2               2               2               2
y1            3               3               3               3               3
y1l           2               -               2               -               2
ynf           2               2               2               2               3
yn            3               3               3               3               3
ynl           5               -               5               -               4


File: libc.info,  Node: Pseudo-Random Numbers,  Next: FP Function Optimizations,  Prev: Errors in Math Functions,  Up: Mathematics

19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers
==========================

This section describes the GNU facilities for generating a series of
pseudo-random numbers.  The numbers generated are not truly random;
typically, they form a sequence that repeats periodically, with a period
so large that you can ignore it for ordinary purposes.  The random
number generator works by remembering a "seed" value which it uses to
compute the next random number and also to compute a new seed.

   Although the generated numbers look unpredictable within one run of a
program, the sequence of numbers is _exactly the same_ from one run to
the next.  This is because the initial seed is always the same.  This
is convenient when you are debugging a program, but it is unhelpful if
you want the program to behave unpredictably.  If you want a different
pseudo-random series each time your program runs, you must specify a
different seed each time.  For ordinary purposes, basing the seed on the
current time works well.

   You can obtain repeatable sequences of numbers on a particular
machine type by specifying the same initial seed value for the random
number generator.  There is no standard meaning for a particular seed
value; the same seed, used in different C libraries or on different CPU
types, will give you different random numbers.

   The GNU C Library supports the standard ISO C random number functions
plus two other sets derived from BSD and SVID.  The BSD and ISO C
functions provide identical, somewhat limited functionality.  If only a
small number of random bits are required, we recommend you use the
ISO C interface, `rand' and `srand'.  The SVID functions provide a more
flexible interface, which allows better random number generator
algorithms, provides more random bits (up to 48) per call, and can
provide random floating-point numbers.  These functions are required by
the XPG standard and therefore will be present in all modern Unix
systems.

* Menu:

* ISO Random::                  `rand' and friends.
* BSD Random::                  `random' and friends.
* SVID Random::                 `drand48' and friends.


File: libc.info,  Node: ISO Random,  Next: BSD Random,  Up: Pseudo-Random Numbers

19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions
------------------------------------

This section describes the random number functions that are part of the
ISO C standard.

   To use these facilities, you should include the header file
`stdlib.h' in your program.  

 -- Macro: int RAND_MAX
     The value of this macro is an integer constant representing the
     largest value the `rand' function can return.  In the GNU C
     Library, it is `2147483647', which is the largest signed integer
     representable in 32 bits.  In other libraries, it may be as low as
     `32767'.

 -- Function: int rand (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `rand' function returns the next pseudo-random number in the
     series.  The value ranges from `0' to `RAND_MAX'.

 -- Function: void srand (unsigned int SEED)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function establishes SEED as the seed for a new series of
     pseudo-random numbers.  If you call `rand' before a seed has been
     established with `srand', it uses the value `1' as a default seed.

     To produce a different pseudo-random series each time your program
     is run, do `srand (time (0))'.

   POSIX.1 extended the C standard functions to support reproducible
random numbers in multi-threaded programs.  However, the extension is
badly designed and unsuitable for serious work.

 -- Function: int rand_r (unsigned int *SEED)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function returns a random number in the range 0 to `RAND_MAX'
     just as `rand' does.  However, all its state is stored in the SEED
     argument.  This means the RNG's state can only have as many bits
     as the type `unsigned int' has.  This is far too few to provide a
     good RNG.

     If your program requires a reentrant RNG, we recommend you use the
     reentrant GNU extensions to the SVID random number generator.  The
     POSIX.1 interface should only be used when the GNU extensions are
     not available.


File: libc.info,  Node: BSD Random,  Next: SVID Random,  Prev: ISO Random,  Up: Pseudo-Random Numbers

19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions
----------------------------------

This section describes a set of random number generation functions that
are derived from BSD.  There is no advantage to using these functions
with the GNU C Library; we support them for BSD compatibility only.

   The prototypes for these functions are in `stdlib.h'.  

 -- Function: long int random (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function returns the next pseudo-random number in the
     sequence.  The value returned ranges from `0' to `2147483647'.

     *NB:* Temporarily this function was defined to return a `int32_t'
     value to indicate that the return value always contains 32 bits
     even if `long int' is wider.  The standard demands it differently.
     Users must always be aware of the 32-bit limitation, though.

 -- Function: void srandom (unsigned int SEED)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `srandom' function sets the state of the random number
     generator based on the integer SEED.  If you supply a SEED value
     of `1', this will cause `random' to reproduce the default set of
     random numbers.

     To produce a different set of pseudo-random numbers each time your
     program runs, do `srandom (time (0))'.

 -- Function: char * initstate (unsigned int SEED, char *STATE, size_t
          SIZE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `initstate' function is used to initialize the random number
     generator state.  The argument STATE is an array of SIZE bytes,
     used to hold the state information.  It is initialized based on
     SEED.  The size must be between 8 and 256 bytes, and should be a
     power of two.  The bigger the STATE array, the better.

     The return value is the previous value of the state information
     array.  You can use this value later as an argument to `setstate'
     to restore that state.

 -- Function: char * setstate (char *STATE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe lock | AC-Unsafe lock | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `setstate' function restores the random number state
     information STATE.  The argument must have been the result of a
     previous call to INITSTATE or SETSTATE.

     The return value is the previous value of the state information
     array.  You can use this value later as an argument to `setstate'
     to restore that state.

     If the function fails the return value is `NULL'.

   The four functions described so far in this section all work on a
state which is shared by all threads.  The state is not directly
accessible to the user and can only be modified by these functions.
This makes it hard to deal with situations where each thread should
have its own pseudo-random number generator.

   The GNU C Library contains four additional functions which contain
the state as an explicit parameter and therefore make it possible to
handle thread-local PRNGs.  Beside this there is no difference.  In
fact, the four functions already discussed are implemented internally
using the following interfaces.

   The `stdlib.h' header contains a definition of the following type:

 -- Data Type: struct random_data
     Objects of type `struct random_data' contain the information
     necessary to represent the state of the PRNG.  Although a complete
     definition of the type is present the type should be treated as
     opaque.

   The functions modifying the state follow exactly the already
described functions.

 -- Function: int random_r (struct random_data *restrict BUF, int32_t
          *restrict RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buf | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `random_r' function behaves exactly like the `random' function
     except that it uses and modifies the state in the object pointed
     to by the first parameter instead of the global state.

 -- Function: int srandom_r (unsigned int SEED, struct random_data *BUF)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buf | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `srandom_r' function behaves exactly like the `srandom'
     function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object
     pointed to by the second parameter instead of the global state.

 -- Function: int initstate_r (unsigned int SEED, char *restrict
          STATEBUF, size_t STATELEN, struct random_data *restrict BUF)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buf | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `initstate_r' function behaves exactly like the `initstate'
     function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object
     pointed to by the fourth parameter instead of the global state.

 -- Function: int setstate_r (char *restrict STATEBUF, struct
          random_data *restrict BUF)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buf | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `setstate_r' function behaves exactly like the `setstate'
     function except that it uses and modifies the state in the object
     pointed to by the first parameter instead of the global state.


File: libc.info,  Node: SVID Random,  Prev: BSD Random,  Up: Pseudo-Random Numbers

19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function
----------------------------------

The C library on SVID systems contains yet another kind of random number
generator functions.  They use a state of 48 bits of data.  The user can
choose among a collection of functions which return the random bits in
different forms.

   Generally there are two kinds of function.  The first uses a state of
the random number generator which is shared among several functions and
by all threads of the process.  The second requires the user to handle
the state.

   All functions have in common that they use the same congruential
formula with the same constants.  The formula is

     Y = (a * X + c) mod m

where X is the state of the generator at the beginning and Y the state
at the end.  `a' and `c' are constants determining the way the
generator works.  By default they are

     a = 0x5DEECE66D = 25214903917
     c = 0xb = 11

but they can also be changed by the user.  `m' is of course 2^48 since
the state consists of a 48-bit array.

   The prototypes for these functions are in `stdlib.h'.  

 -- Function: double drand48 (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function returns a `double' value in the range of `0.0' to
     `1.0' (exclusive).  The random bits are determined by the global
     state of the random number generator in the C library.

     Since the `double' type according to IEEE 754 has a 52-bit
     mantissa this means 4 bits are not initialized by the random number
     generator.  These are (of course) chosen to be the least
     significant bits and they are initialized to `0'.

 -- Function: double erand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3])
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function returns a `double' value in the range of `0.0' to
     `1.0' (exclusive), similarly to `drand48'.  The argument is an
     array describing the state of the random number generator.

     This function can be called subsequently since it updates the
     array to guarantee random numbers.  The array should have been
     initialized before initial use to obtain reproducible results.

 -- Function: long int lrand48 (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `lrand48' function returns an integer value in the range of
     `0' to `2^31' (exclusive).  Even if the size of the `long int'
     type can take more than 32 bits, no higher numbers are returned.
     The random bits are determined by the global state of the random
     number generator in the C library.

 -- Function: long int nrand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3])
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to the `lrand48' function in that it
     returns a number in the range of `0' to `2^31' (exclusive) but the
     state of the random number generator used to produce the random
     bits is determined by the array provided as the parameter to the
     function.

     The numbers in the array are updated afterwards so that subsequent
     calls to this function yield different results (as is expected of
     a random number generator).  The array should have been
     initialized before the first call to obtain reproducible results.

 -- Function: long int mrand48 (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `mrand48' function is similar to `lrand48'.  The only
     difference is that the numbers returned are in the range `-2^31' to
     `2^31' (exclusive).

 -- Function: long int jrand48 (unsigned short int XSUBI[3])
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `jrand48' function is similar to `nrand48'.  The only
     difference is that the numbers returned are in the range `-2^31' to
     `2^31' (exclusive).  For the `xsubi' parameter the same
     requirements are necessary.

   The internal state of the random number generator can be initialized
in several ways.  The methods differ in the completeness of the
information provided.

 -- Function: void srand48 (long int SEEDVAL)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `srand48' function sets the most significant 32 bits of the
     internal state of the random number generator to the least
     significant 32 bits of the SEEDVAL parameter.  The lower 16 bits
     are initialized to the value `0x330E'.  Even if the `long int'
     type contains more than 32 bits only the lower 32 bits are used.

     Owing to this limitation, initialization of the state of this
     function is not very useful.  But it makes it easy to use a
     construct like `srand48 (time (0))'.

     A side-effect of this function is that the values `a' and `c' from
     the internal state, which are used in the congruential formula,
     are reset to the default values given above.  This is of
     importance once the user has called the `lcong48' function (see
     below).

 -- Function: unsigned short int * seed48 (unsigned short int
          SEED16V[3])
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `seed48' function initializes all 48 bits of the state of the
     internal random number generator from the contents of the parameter
     SEED16V.  Here the lower 16 bits of the first element of SEE16V
     initialize the least significant 16 bits of the internal state,
     the lower 16 bits of `SEED16V[1]' initialize the mid-order 16 bits
     of the state and the 16 lower bits of `SEED16V[2]' initialize the
     most significant 16 bits of the state.

     Unlike `srand48' this function lets the user initialize all 48 bits
     of the state.

     The value returned by `seed48' is a pointer to an array containing
     the values of the internal state before the change.  This might be
     useful to restart the random number generator at a certain state.
     Otherwise the value can simply be ignored.

     As for `srand48', the values `a' and `c' from the congruential
     formula are reset to the default values.

   There is one more function to initialize the random number generator
which enables you to specify even more information by allowing you to
change the parameters in the congruential formula.

 -- Function: void lcong48 (unsigned short int PARAM[7])
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:drand48 | AS-Unsafe | AC-Unsafe
     corrupt | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `lcong48' function allows the user to change the complete state
     of the random number generator.  Unlike `srand48' and `seed48',
     this function also changes the constants in the congruential
     formula.

     From the seven elements in the array PARAM the least significant
     16 bits of the entries `PARAM[0]' to `PARAM[2]' determine the
     initial state, the least significant 16 bits of `PARAM[3]' to
     `PARAM[5]' determine the 48 bit constant `a' and `PARAM[6]'
     determines the 16-bit value `c'.

   All the above functions have in common that they use the global
parameters for the congruential formula.  In multi-threaded programs it
might sometimes be useful to have different parameters in different
threads.  For this reason all the above functions have a counterpart
which works on a description of the random number generator in the
user-supplied buffer instead of the global state.

   Please note that it is no problem if several threads use the global
state if all threads use the functions which take a pointer to an array
containing the state.  The random numbers are computed following the
same loop but if the state in the array is different all threads will
obtain an individual random number generator.

   The user-supplied buffer must be of type `struct drand48_data'.
This type should be regarded as opaque and not manipulated directly.

 -- Function: int drand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, double
          *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is equivalent to the `drand48' function with the
     difference that it does not modify the global random number
     generator parameters but instead the parameters in the buffer
     supplied through the pointer BUFFER.  The random number is
     returned in the variable pointed to by RESULT.

     The return value of the function indicates whether the call
     succeeded.  If the value is less than `0' an error occurred and
     ERRNO is set to indicate the problem.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int erand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct
          drand48_data *BUFFER, double *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `erand48_r' function works like `erand48', but in addition it
     takes an argument BUFFER which describes the random number
     generator.  The state of the random number generator is taken from
     the `xsubi' array, the parameters for the congruential formula
     from the global random number generator data.  The random number
     is returned in the variable pointed to by RESULT.

     The return value is non-negative if the call succeeded.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int lrand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, long int
          *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to `lrand48', but in addition it takes a
     pointer to a buffer describing the state of the random number
     generator just like `drand48'.

     If the return value of the function is non-negative the variable
     pointed to by RESULT contains the result.  Otherwise an error
     occurred.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int nrand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct
          drand48_data *BUFFER, long int *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `nrand48_r' function works like `nrand48' in that it produces
     a random number in the range `0' to `2^31'.  But instead of using
     the global parameters for the congruential formula it uses the
     information from the buffer pointed to by BUFFER.  The state is
     described by the values in XSUBI.

     If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by
     RESULT contains the result.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int mrand48_r (struct drand48_data *BUFFER, long int
          *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to `mrand48' but like the other reentrant
     functions it uses the random number generator described by the
     value in the buffer pointed to by BUFFER.

     If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by
     RESULT contains the result.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int jrand48_r (unsigned short int XSUBI[3], struct
          drand48_data *BUFFER, long int *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The `jrand48_r' function is similar to `jrand48'.  Like the other
     reentrant functions of this function family it uses the
     congruential formula parameters from the buffer pointed to by
     BUFFER.

     If the return value is non-negative the variable pointed to by
     RESULT contains the result.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

   Before any of the above functions are used the buffer of type
`struct drand48_data' should be initialized.  The easiest way to do
this is to fill the whole buffer with null bytes, e.g. by

     memset (buffer, '\0', sizeof (struct drand48_data));

Using any of the reentrant functions of this family now will
automatically initialize the random number generator to the default
values for the state and the parameters of the congruential formula.

   The other possibility is to use any of the functions which explicitly
initialize the buffer.  Though it might be obvious how to initialize the
buffer from looking at the parameter to the function, it is highly
recommended to use these functions since the result might not always be
what you expect.

 -- Function: int srand48_r (long int SEEDVAL, struct drand48_data
          *BUFFER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The description of the random number generator represented by the
     information in BUFFER is initialized similarly to what the function
     `srand48' does.  The state is initialized from the parameter
     SEEDVAL and the parameters for the congruential formula are
     initialized to their default values.

     If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int seed48_r (unsigned short int SEED16V[3], struct
          drand48_data *BUFFER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to `srand48_r' but like `seed48' it
     initializes all 48 bits of the state from the parameter SEED16V.

     If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded.
     It does not return a pointer to the previous state of the random
     number generator like the `seed48' function does.  If the user
     wants to preserve the state for a later re-run s/he can copy the
     whole buffer pointed to by BUFFER.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.

 -- Function: int lcong48_r (unsigned short int PARAM[7], struct
          drand48_data *BUFFER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe race:buffer | AS-Safe | AC-Unsafe corrupt |
     *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function initializes all aspects of the random number
     generator described in BUFFER with the data in PARAM.  Here it is
     especially true that the function does more than just copying the
     contents of PARAM and BUFFER.  More work is required and therefore
     it is important to use this function rather than initializing the
     random number generator directly.

     If the return value is non-negative the function call succeeded.

     This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable
     programs.


File: libc.info,  Node: FP Function Optimizations,  Prev: Pseudo-Random Numbers,  Up: Mathematics

19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?
==========================================

If an application uses many floating point functions it is often the
case that the cost of the function calls themselves is not negligible.
Modern processors can often execute the operations themselves very
fast, but the function call disrupts the instruction pipeline.

   For this reason the GNU C Library provides optimizations for many of
the frequently-used math functions.  When GNU CC is used and the user
activates the optimizer, several new inline functions and macros are
defined.  These new functions and macros have the same names as the
library functions and so are used instead of the latter.  In the case of
inline functions the compiler will decide whether it is reasonable to
use them, and this decision is usually correct.

   This means that no calls to the library functions may be necessary,
and can increase the speed of generated code significantly.  The
drawback is that code size will increase, and the increase is not
always negligible.

   There are two kind of inline functions: Those that give the same
result as the library functions and others that might not set `errno'
and might have a reduced precision and/or argument range in comparison
with the library functions.  The latter inline functions are only
available if the flag `-ffast-math' is given to GNU CC.

   In cases where the inline functions and macros are not wanted the
symbol `__NO_MATH_INLINES' should be defined before any system header is
included.  This will ensure that only library functions are used.  Of
course, it can be determined for each file in the project whether
giving this option is preferable or not.

   Not all hardware implements the entire IEEE 754 standard, and even
if it does there may be a substantial performance penalty for using some
of its features.  For example, enabling traps on some processors forces
the FPU to run un-pipelined, which can more than double calculation
time.


File: libc.info,  Node: Arithmetic,  Next: Date and Time,  Prev: Mathematics,  Up: Top

20 Arithmetic Functions
***********************

This chapter contains information about functions for doing basic
arithmetic operations, such as splitting a float into its integer and
fractional parts or retrieving the imaginary part of a complex value.
These functions are declared in the header files `math.h' and
`complex.h'.

* Menu:

* Integers::                    Basic integer types and concepts
* Integer Division::            Integer division with guaranteed rounding.
* Floating Point Numbers::      Basic concepts.  IEEE 754.
* Floating Point Classes::      The five kinds of floating-point number.
* Floating Point Errors::       When something goes wrong in a calculation.
* Rounding::                    Controlling how results are rounded.
* Control Functions::           Saving and restoring the FPU's state.
* Arithmetic Functions::        Fundamental operations provided by the library.
* Complex Numbers::             The types.  Writing complex constants.
* Operations on Complex::       Projection, conjugation, decomposition.
* Parsing of Numbers::          Converting strings to numbers.
* System V Number Conversion::  An archaic way to convert numbers to strings.


File: libc.info,  Node: Integers,  Next: Integer Division,  Up: Arithmetic

20.1 Integers
=============

The C language defines several integer data types: integer, short
integer, long integer, and character, all in both signed and unsigned
varieties.  The GNU C compiler extends the language to contain long
long integers as well.  

   The C integer types were intended to allow code to be portable among
machines with different inherent data sizes (word sizes), so each type
may have different ranges on different machines.  The problem with this
is that a program often needs to be written for a particular range of
integers, and sometimes must be written for a particular size of
storage, regardless of what machine the program runs on.

   To address this problem, the GNU C Library contains C type
definitions you can use to declare integers that meet your exact needs.
Because the GNU C Library header files are customized to a specific
machine, your program source code doesn't have to be.

   These `typedef's are in `stdint.h'.  

   If you require that an integer be represented in exactly N bits, use
one of the following types, with the obvious mapping to bit size and
signedness:

   * int8_t

   * int16_t

   * int32_t

   * int64_t

   * uint8_t

   * uint16_t

   * uint32_t

   * uint64_t

   If your C compiler and target machine do not allow integers of a
certain size, the corresponding above type does not exist.

   If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the smallest data
structure with _at least_ N bits, use one of these:

   * int_least8_t

   * int_least16_t

   * int_least32_t

   * int_least64_t

   * uint_least8_t

   * uint_least16_t

   * uint_least32_t

   * uint_least64_t

   If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the data
structure that allows the fastest access while having at least N bits
(and among data structures with the same access speed, the smallest
one), use one of these:

   * int_fast8_t

   * int_fast16_t

   * int_fast32_t

   * int_fast64_t

   * uint_fast8_t

   * uint_fast16_t

   * uint_fast32_t

   * uint_fast64_t

   If you want an integer with the widest range possible on the
platform on which it is being used, use one of the following.  If you
use these, you should write code that takes into account the variable
size and range of the integer.

   * intmax_t

   * uintmax_t

   The GNU C Library also provides macros that tell you the maximum and
minimum possible values for each integer data type.  The macro names
follow these examples: `INT32_MAX', `UINT8_MAX', `INT_FAST32_MIN',
`INT_LEAST64_MIN', `UINTMAX_MAX', `INTMAX_MAX', `INTMAX_MIN'.  Note
that there are no macros for unsigned integer minima.  These are always
zero.  

   There are similar macros for use with C's built in integer types
which should come with your C compiler.  These are described in *note
Data Type Measurements::.

   Don't forget you can use the C `sizeof' function with any of these
data types to get the number of bytes of storage each uses.


File: libc.info,  Node: Integer Division,  Next: Floating Point Numbers,  Prev: Integers,  Up: Arithmetic

20.2 Integer Division
=====================

This section describes functions for performing integer division.  These
functions are redundant when GNU CC is used, because in GNU C the `/'
operator always rounds towards zero.  But in other C implementations,
`/' may round differently with negative arguments.  `div' and `ldiv'
are useful because they specify how to round the quotient: towards
zero.  The remainder has the same sign as the numerator.

   These functions are specified to return a result R such that the
value `R.quot*DENOMINATOR + R.rem' equals NUMERATOR.

   To use these facilities, you should include the header file
`stdlib.h' in your program.

 -- Data Type: div_t
     This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the
     `div' function.  It has the following members:

    `int quot'
          The quotient from the division.

    `int rem'
          The remainder from the division.

 -- Function: div_t div (int NUMERATOR, int DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function `div' computes the quotient and remainder from the
     division of NUMERATOR by DENOMINATOR, returning the result in a
     structure of type `div_t'.

     If the result cannot be represented (as in a division by zero), the
     behavior is undefined.

     Here is an example, albeit not a very useful one.

          div_t result;
          result = div (20, -6);

     Now `result.quot' is `-3' and `result.rem' is `2'.

 -- Data Type: ldiv_t
     This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the
     `ldiv' function.  It has the following members:

    `long int quot'
          The quotient from the division.

    `long int rem'
          The remainder from the division.

     (This is identical to `div_t' except that the components are of
     type `long int' rather than `int'.)

 -- Function: ldiv_t ldiv (long int NUMERATOR, long int DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `ldiv' function is similar to `div', except that the arguments
     are of type `long int' and the result is returned as a structure
     of type `ldiv_t'.

 -- Data Type: lldiv_t
     This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the
     `lldiv' function.  It has the following members:

    `long long int quot'
          The quotient from the division.

    `long long int rem'
          The remainder from the division.

     (This is identical to `div_t' except that the components are of
     type `long long int' rather than `int'.)

 -- Function: lldiv_t lldiv (long long int NUMERATOR, long long int
          DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `lldiv' function is like the `div' function, but the arguments
     are of type `long long int' and the result is returned as a
     structure of type `lldiv_t'.

     The `lldiv' function was added in ISO C99.

 -- Data Type: imaxdiv_t
     This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the
     `imaxdiv' function.  It has the following members:

    `intmax_t quot'
          The quotient from the division.

    `intmax_t rem'
          The remainder from the division.

     (This is identical to `div_t' except that the components are of
     type `intmax_t' rather than `int'.)

     See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type.


 -- Function: imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t NUMERATOR, intmax_t
          DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `imaxdiv' function is like the `div' function, but the
     arguments are of type `intmax_t' and the result is returned as a
     structure of type `imaxdiv_t'.

     See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type.

     The `imaxdiv' function was added in ISO C99.


File: libc.info,  Node: Floating Point Numbers,  Next: Floating Point Classes,  Prev: Integer Division,  Up: Arithmetic

20.3 Floating Point Numbers
===========================

Most computer hardware has support for two different kinds of numbers:
integers (...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) and floating-point numbers.
Floating-point numbers have three parts: the "mantissa", the
"exponent", and the "sign bit".  The real number represented by a
floating-point value is given by (s ? -1 : 1) * 2^e * M where s is the
sign bit, e the exponent, and M the mantissa.  *Note Floating Point
Concepts::, for details.  (It is possible to have a different "base"
for the exponent, but all modern hardware uses 2.)

   Floating-point numbers can represent a finite subset of the real
numbers.  While this subset is large enough for most purposes, it is
important to remember that the only reals that can be represented
exactly are rational numbers that have a terminating binary expansion
shorter than the width of the mantissa.  Even simple fractions such as
1/5 can only be approximated by floating point.

   Mathematical operations and functions frequently need to produce
values that are not representable.  Often these values can be
approximated closely enough for practical purposes, but sometimes they
can't.  Historically there was no way to tell when the results of a
calculation were inaccurate.  Modern computers implement the IEEE 754
standard for numerical computations, which defines a framework for
indicating to the program when the results of calculation are not
trustworthy.  This framework consists of a set of "exceptions" that
indicate why a result could not be represented, and the special values
"infinity" and "not a number" (NaN).


File: libc.info,  Node: Floating Point Classes,  Next: Floating Point Errors,  Prev: Floating Point Numbers,  Up: Arithmetic

20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions
===================================================

ISO C99 defines macros that let you determine what sort of
floating-point number a variable holds.

 -- Macro: int fpclassify (_float-type_ X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This is a generic macro which works on all floating-point types and
     which returns a value of type `int'.  The possible values are:

    `FP_NAN'
          The floating-point number X is "Not a Number" (*note Infinity
          and NaN::)

    `FP_INFINITE'
          The value of X is either plus or minus infinity (*note
          Infinity and NaN::)

    `FP_ZERO'
          The value of X is zero.  In floating-point formats like
          IEEE 754, where zero can be signed, this value is also
          returned if X is negative zero.

    `FP_SUBNORMAL'
          Numbers whose absolute value is too small to be represented
          in the normal format are represented in an alternate,
          "denormalized" format (*note Floating Point Concepts::).
          This format is less precise but can represent values closer
          to zero.  `fpclassify' returns this value for values of X in
          this alternate format.

    `FP_NORMAL'
          This value is returned for all other values of X.  It
          indicates that there is nothing special about the number.


   `fpclassify' is most useful if more than one property of a number
must be tested.  There are more specific macros which only test one
property at a time.  Generally these macros execute faster than
`fpclassify', since there is special hardware support for them.  You
should therefore use the specific macros whenever possible.

 -- Macro: int isfinite (_float-type_ X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro returns a nonzero value if X is finite: not plus or
     minus infinity, and not NaN.  It is equivalent to

          (fpclassify (x) != FP_NAN && fpclassify (x) != FP_INFINITE)

     `isfinite' is implemented as a macro which accepts any
     floating-point type.

 -- Macro: int isnormal (_float-type_ X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro returns a nonzero value if X is finite and normalized.
     It is equivalent to

          (fpclassify (x) == FP_NORMAL)

 -- Macro: int isnan (_float-type_ X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro returns a nonzero value if X is NaN.  It is equivalent
     to

          (fpclassify (x) == FP_NAN)

 -- Macro: int issignaling (_float-type_ X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro returns a nonzero value if X is a signaling NaN (sNaN).
     It is based on draft TS 18661 and currently enabled as a GNU
     extension.

   Another set of floating-point classification functions was provided
by BSD.  The GNU C Library also supports these functions; however, we
recommend that you use the ISO C99 macros in new code.  Those are
standard and will be available more widely.  Also, since they are
macros, you do not have to worry about the type of their argument.

 -- Function: int isinf (double X)
 -- Function: int isinff (float X)
 -- Function: int isinfl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function returns `-1' if X represents negative infinity, `1'
     if X represents positive infinity, and `0' otherwise.

 -- Function: int isnan (double X)
 -- Function: int isnanf (float X)
 -- Function: int isnanl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function returns a nonzero value if X is a "not a number"
     value, and zero otherwise.

     *NB:* The `isnan' macro defined by ISO C99 overrides the BSD
     function.  This is normally not a problem, because the two
     routines behave identically.  However, if you really need to get
     the BSD function for some reason, you can write

          (isnan) (x)

 -- Function: int finite (double X)
 -- Function: int finitef (float X)
 -- Function: int finitel (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function returns a nonzero value if X is finite or a "not a
     number" value, and zero otherwise.

   *Portability Note:* The functions listed in this section are BSD
extensions.


File: libc.info,  Node: Floating Point Errors,  Next: Rounding,  Prev: Floating Point Classes,  Up: Arithmetic

20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations
==========================================

* Menu:

* FP Exceptions::               IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them.
* Infinity and NaN::            Special values returned by calculations.
* Status bit operations::       Checking for exceptions after the fact.
* Math Error Reporting::        How the math functions report errors.


File: libc.info,  Node: FP Exceptions,  Next: Infinity and NaN,  Up: Floating Point Errors

20.5.1 FP Exceptions
--------------------

The IEEE 754 standard defines five "exceptions" that can occur during a
calculation.  Each corresponds to a particular sort of error, such as
overflow.

   When exceptions occur (when exceptions are "raised", in the language
of the standard), one of two things can happen.  By default the
exception is simply noted in the floating-point "status word", and the
program continues as if nothing had happened.  The operation produces a
default value, which depends on the exception (see the table below).
Your program can check the status word to find out which exceptions
happened.

   Alternatively, you can enable "traps" for exceptions.  In that case,
when an exception is raised, your program will receive the `SIGFPE'
signal.  The default action for this signal is to terminate the
program.  *Note Signal Handling::, for how you can change the effect of
the signal.

   In the System V math library, the user-defined function `matherr' is
called when certain exceptions occur inside math library functions.
However, the Unix98 standard deprecates this interface.  We support it
for historical compatibility, but recommend that you do not use it in
new programs.  When this interface is used, exceptions may not be
raised.

The exceptions defined in IEEE 754 are:

`Invalid Operation'
     This exception is raised if the given operands are invalid for the
     operation to be performed.  Examples are (see IEEE 754, section 7):
       1. Addition or subtraction: oo - oo.  (But oo + oo = oo).

       2. Multiplication: 0 * oo.

       3. Division: 0/0 or oo/oo.

       4. Remainder: x REM y, where y is zero or x is infinite.

       5. Square root if the operand is less then zero.  More
          generally, any mathematical function evaluated outside its
          domain produces this exception.

       6. Conversion of a floating-point number to an integer or decimal
          string, when the number cannot be represented in the target
          format (due to overflow, infinity, or NaN).

       7. Conversion of an unrecognizable input string.

       8. Comparison via predicates involving < or >, when one or other
          of the operands is NaN.  You can prevent this exception by
          using the unordered comparison functions instead; see *note
          FP Comparison Functions::.

     If the exception does not trap, the result of the operation is NaN.

`Division by Zero'
     This exception is raised when a finite nonzero number is divided
     by zero.  If no trap occurs the result is either +oo or -oo,
     depending on the signs of the operands.

`Overflow'
     This exception is raised whenever the result cannot be represented
     as a finite value in the precision format of the destination.  If
     no trap occurs the result depends on the sign of the intermediate
     result and the current rounding mode (IEEE 754, section 7.3):
       1. Round to nearest carries all overflows to oo with the sign of
          the intermediate result.

       2. Round toward 0 carries all overflows to the largest
          representable finite number with the sign of the intermediate
          result.

       3. Round toward -oo carries positive overflows to the largest
          representable finite number and negative overflows to -oo.

       4. Round toward oo carries negative overflows to the most
          negative representable finite number and positive overflows
          to oo.

     Whenever the overflow exception is raised, the inexact exception
     is also raised.

`Underflow'
     The underflow exception is raised when an intermediate result is
     too small to be calculated accurately, or if the operation's
     result rounded to the destination precision is too small to be
     normalized.

     When no trap is installed for the underflow exception, underflow is
     signaled (via the underflow flag) only when both tininess and loss
     of accuracy have been detected.  If no trap handler is installed
     the operation continues with an imprecise small value, or zero if
     the destination precision cannot hold the small exact result.

`Inexact'
     This exception is signalled if a rounded result is not exact (such
     as when calculating the square root of two) or a result overflows
     without an overflow trap.


File: libc.info,  Node: Infinity and NaN,  Next: Status bit operations,  Prev: FP Exceptions,  Up: Floating Point Errors

20.5.2 Infinity and NaN
-----------------------

IEEE 754 floating point numbers can represent positive or negative
infinity, and "NaN" (not a number).  These three values arise from
calculations whose result is undefined or cannot be represented
accurately.  You can also deliberately set a floating-point variable to
any of them, which is sometimes useful.  Some examples of calculations
that produce infinity or NaN:

     1/0 = oo
     log (0) = -oo
     sqrt (-1) = NaN

   When a calculation produces any of these values, an exception also
occurs; see *note FP Exceptions::.

   The basic operations and math functions all accept infinity and NaN
and produce sensible output.  Infinities propagate through calculations
as one would expect: for example, 2 + oo = oo, 4/oo = 0, atan (oo) =
pi/2.  NaN, on the other hand, infects any calculation that involves
it.  Unless the calculation would produce the same result no matter
what real value replaced NaN, the result is NaN.

   In comparison operations, positive infinity is larger than all values
except itself and NaN, and negative infinity is smaller than all values
except itself and NaN.  NaN is "unordered": it is not equal to, greater
than, or less than anything, _including itself_. `x == x' is false if
the value of `x' is NaN.  You can use this to test whether a value is
NaN or not, but the recommended way to test for NaN is with the `isnan'
function (*note Floating Point Classes::).  In addition, `<', `>',
`<=', and `>=' will raise an exception when applied to NaNs.

   `math.h' defines macros that allow you to explicitly set a variable
to infinity or NaN.

 -- Macro: float INFINITY
     An expression representing positive infinity.  It is equal to the
     value produced  by mathematical operations like `1.0 / 0.0'.
     `-INFINITY' represents negative infinity.

     You can test whether a floating-point value is infinite by
     comparing it to this macro.  However, this is not recommended; you
     should use the `isfinite' macro instead.  *Note Floating Point
     Classes::.

     This macro was introduced in the ISO C99 standard.

 -- Macro: float NAN
     An expression representing a value which is "not a number".  This
     macro is a GNU extension, available only on machines that support
     the "not a number" value--that is to say, on all machines that
     support IEEE floating point.

     You can use `#ifdef NAN' to test whether the machine supports NaN.
     (Of course, you must arrange for GNU extensions to be visible,
     such as by defining `_GNU_SOURCE', and then you must include
     `math.h'.)

   IEEE 754 also allows for another unusual value: negative zero.  This
value is produced when you divide a positive number by negative
infinity, or when a negative result is smaller than the limits of
representation.


File: libc.info,  Node: Status bit operations,  Next: Math Error Reporting,  Prev: Infinity and NaN,  Up: Floating Point Errors

20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word
------------------------------------

ISO C99 defines functions to query and manipulate the floating-point
status word.  You can use these functions to check for untrapped
exceptions when it's convenient, rather than worrying about them in the
middle of a calculation.

   These constants represent the various IEEE 754 exceptions.  Not all
FPUs report all the different exceptions.  Each constant is defined if
and only if the FPU you are compiling for supports that exception, so
you can test for FPU support with `#ifdef'.  They are defined in
`fenv.h'.

`FE_INEXACT'
     The inexact exception.

`FE_DIVBYZERO'
     The divide by zero exception.

`FE_UNDERFLOW'
     The underflow exception.

`FE_OVERFLOW'
     The overflow exception.

`FE_INVALID'
     The invalid exception.

   The macro `FE_ALL_EXCEPT' is the bitwise OR of all exception macros
which are supported by the FP implementation.

   These functions allow you to clear exception flags, test for
exceptions, and save and restore the set of exceptions flagged.

 -- Function: int feclearexcept (int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe !posix | AC-Safe !posix | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function clears all of the supported exception flags
     indicated by EXCEPTS.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

 -- Function: int feraiseexcept (int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function raises the supported exceptions indicated by
     EXCEPTS.  If more than one exception bit in EXCEPTS is set the
     order in which the exceptions are raised is undefined except that
     overflow (`FE_OVERFLOW') or underflow (`FE_UNDERFLOW') are raised
     before inexact (`FE_INEXACT').  Whether for overflow or underflow
     the inexact exception is also raised is also implementation
     dependent.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

 -- Function: int fetestexcept (int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Test whether the exception flags indicated by the parameter EXCEPT
     are currently set.  If any of them are, a nonzero value is returned
     which specifies which exceptions are set.  Otherwise the result is
     zero.

   To understand these functions, imagine that the status word is an
integer variable named STATUS.  `feclearexcept' is then equivalent to
`status &= ~excepts' and `fetestexcept' is equivalent to `(status &
excepts)'.  The actual implementation may be very different, of course.

   Exception flags are only cleared when the program explicitly
requests it, by calling `feclearexcept'.  If you want to check for
exceptions from a set of calculations, you should clear all the flags
first.  Here is a simple example of the way to use `fetestexcept':

     {
       double f;
       int raised;
       feclearexcept (FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
       f = compute ();
       raised = fetestexcept (FE_OVERFLOW | FE_INVALID);
       if (raised & FE_OVERFLOW) { /* ... */ }
       if (raised & FE_INVALID) { /* ... */ }
       /* ... */
     }

   You cannot explicitly set bits in the status word.  You can, however,
save the entire status word and restore it later.  This is done with the
following functions:

 -- Function: int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *FLAGP, int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function stores in the variable pointed to by FLAGP an
     implementation-defined value representing the current setting of
     the exception flags indicated by EXCEPTS.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

 -- Function: int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *FLAGP, int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function restores the flags for the exceptions indicated by
     EXCEPTS to the values stored in the variable pointed to by FLAGP.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

   Note that the value stored in `fexcept_t' bears no resemblance to
the bit mask returned by `fetestexcept'.  The type may not even be an
integer.  Do not attempt to modify an `fexcept_t' variable.


File: libc.info,  Node: Math Error Reporting,  Prev: Status bit operations,  Up: Floating Point Errors

20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions
------------------------------------------------

Many of the math functions are defined only over a subset of the real or
complex numbers.  Even if they are mathematically defined, their result
may be larger or smaller than the range representable by their return
type without loss of accuracy.  These are known as "domain errors",
"overflows", and "underflows", respectively.  Math functions do several
things when one of these errors occurs.  In this manual we will refer
to the complete response as "signalling" a domain error, overflow, or
underflow.

   When a math function suffers a domain error, it raises the invalid
exception and returns NaN.  It also sets ERRNO to `EDOM'; this is for
compatibility with old systems that do not support IEEE 754 exception
handling.  Likewise, when overflow occurs, math functions raise the
overflow exception and, in the default rounding mode, return oo or
-oo as appropriate (in other rounding modes, the largest finite value
of the appropriate sign is returned when appropriate for that rounding
mode).  They also set ERRNO to `ERANGE' if returning oo or -oo; ERRNO
may or may not be set to `ERANGE' when a finite value is returned on
overflow.  When underflow occurs, the underflow exception is raised,
and zero (appropriately signed) or a subnormal value, as appropriate
for the mathematical result of the function and the rounding mode, is
returned.  ERRNO may be set to `ERANGE', but this is not guaranteed; it
is intended that the GNU C Library should set it when the underflow is
to an appropriately signed zero, but not necessarily for other
underflows.

   Some of the math functions are defined mathematically to result in a
complex value over parts of their domains.  The most familiar example of
this is taking the square root of a negative number.  The complex math
functions, such as `csqrt', will return the appropriate complex value
in this case.  The real-valued functions, such as `sqrt', will signal a
domain error.

   Some older hardware does not support infinities.  On that hardware,
overflows instead return a particular very large number (usually the
largest representable number).  `math.h' defines macros you can use to
test for overflow on both old and new hardware.

 -- Macro: double HUGE_VAL
 -- Macro: float HUGE_VALF
 -- Macro: long double HUGE_VALL
     An expression representing a particular very large number.  On
     machines that use IEEE 754 floating point format, `HUGE_VAL' is
     infinity.  On other machines, it's typically the largest positive
     number that can be represented.

     Mathematical functions return the appropriately typed version of
     `HUGE_VAL' or `-HUGE_VAL' when the result is too large to be
     represented.


File: libc.info,  Node: Rounding,  Next: Control Functions,  Prev: Floating Point Errors,  Up: Arithmetic

20.6 Rounding Modes
===================

Floating-point calculations are carried out internally with extra
precision, and then rounded to fit into the destination type.  This
ensures that results are as precise as the input data.  IEEE 754
defines four possible rounding modes:

Round to nearest.
     This is the default mode.  It should be used unless there is a
     specific need for one of the others.  In this mode results are
     rounded to the nearest representable value.  If the result is
     midway between two representable values, the even representable is
     chosen. "Even" here means the lowest-order bit is zero.  This
     rounding mode prevents statistical bias and guarantees numeric
     stability: round-off errors in a lengthy calculation will remain
     smaller than half of `FLT_EPSILON'.

Round toward plus Infinity.
     All results are rounded to the smallest representable value which
     is greater than the result.

Round toward minus Infinity.
     All results are rounded to the largest representable value which
     is less than the result.

Round toward zero.
     All results are rounded to the largest representable value whose
     magnitude is less than that of the result.  In other words, if the
     result is negative it is rounded up; if it is positive, it is
     rounded down.

`fenv.h' defines constants which you can use to refer to the various
rounding modes.  Each one will be defined if and only if the FPU
supports the corresponding rounding mode.

`FE_TONEAREST'
     Round to nearest.

`FE_UPWARD'
     Round toward +oo.

`FE_DOWNWARD'
     Round toward -oo.

`FE_TOWARDZERO'
     Round toward zero.

   Underflow is an unusual case.  Normally, IEEE 754 floating point
numbers are always normalized (*note Floating Point Concepts::).
Numbers smaller than 2^r (where r is the minimum exponent,
`FLT_MIN_RADIX-1' for FLOAT) cannot be represented as normalized
numbers.  Rounding all such numbers to zero or 2^r would cause some
algorithms to fail at 0.  Therefore, they are left in denormalized
form.  That produces loss of precision, since some bits of the mantissa
are stolen to indicate the decimal point.

   If a result is too small to be represented as a denormalized number,
it is rounded to zero.  However, the sign of the result is preserved; if
the calculation was negative, the result is "negative zero".  Negative
zero can also result from some operations on infinity, such as 4/-oo.

   At any time one of the above four rounding modes is selected.  You
can find out which one with this function:

 -- Function: int fegetround (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Returns the currently selected rounding mode, represented by one
     of the values of the defined rounding mode macros.

To change the rounding mode, use this function:

 -- Function: int fesetround (int ROUND)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Changes the currently selected rounding mode to ROUND.  If ROUND
     does not correspond to one of the supported rounding modes nothing
     is changed.  `fesetround' returns zero if it changed the rounding
     mode, a nonzero value if the mode is not supported.

   You should avoid changing the rounding mode if possible.  It can be
an expensive operation; also, some hardware requires you to compile your
program differently for it to work.  The resulting code may run slower.
See your compiler documentation for details.


File: libc.info,  Node: Control Functions,  Next: Arithmetic Functions,  Prev: Rounding,  Up: Arithmetic

20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions
=====================================

IEEE 754 floating-point implementations allow the programmer to decide
whether traps will occur for each of the exceptions, by setting bits in
the "control word".  In C, traps result in the program receiving the
`SIGFPE' signal; see *note Signal Handling::.

   *NB:* IEEE 754 says that trap handlers are given details of the
exceptional situation, and can set the result value.  C signals do not
provide any mechanism to pass this information back and forth.
Trapping exceptions in C is therefore not very useful.

   It is sometimes necessary to save the state of the floating-point
unit while you perform some calculation.  The library provides functions
which save and restore the exception flags, the set of exceptions that
generate traps, and the rounding mode.  This information is known as the
"floating-point environment".

   The functions to save and restore the floating-point environment all
use a variable of type `fenv_t' to store information.  This type is
defined in `fenv.h'.  Its size and contents are implementation-defined.
You should not attempt to manipulate a variable of this type directly.

   To save the state of the FPU, use one of these functions:

 -- Function: int fegetenv (fenv_t *ENVP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Store the floating-point environment in the variable pointed to by
     ENVP.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

 -- Function: int feholdexcept (fenv_t *ENVP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Store the current floating-point environment in the object pointed
     to by ENVP.  Then clear all exception flags, and set the FPU to
     trap no exceptions.  Not all FPUs support trapping no exceptions;
     if `feholdexcept' cannot set this mode, it returns nonzero value.
     If it succeeds, it returns zero.

   The functions which restore the floating-point environment can take
these kinds of arguments:

   * Pointers to `fenv_t' objects, which were initialized previously by
     a call to `fegetenv' or `feholdexcept'.

   * The special macro `FE_DFL_ENV' which represents the floating-point
     environment as it was available at program start.

   * Implementation defined macros with names starting with `FE_' and
     having type `fenv_t *'.

     If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro `FE_NOMASK_ENV'
     which represents an environment where every exception raised
     causes a trap to occur.  You can test for this macro using
     `#ifdef'.  It is only defined if `_GNU_SOURCE' is defined.

     Some platforms might define other predefined environments.

To set the floating-point environment, you can use either of these
functions:

 -- Function: int fesetenv (const fenv_t *ENVP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Set the floating-point environment to that described by ENVP.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

 -- Function: int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *ENVP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     Like `fesetenv', this function sets the floating-point environment
     to that described by ENVP.  However, if any exceptions were
     flagged in the status word before `feupdateenv' was called, they
     remain flagged after the call.  In other words, after `feupdateenv'
     is called, the status word is the bitwise OR of the previous
     status word and the one saved in ENVP.

     The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a
     non-zero value otherwise.

To control for individual exceptions if raising them causes a trap to
occur, you can use the following two functions.

   *Portability Note:* These functions are all GNU extensions.

 -- Function: int feenableexcept (int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This functions enables traps for each of the exceptions as
     indicated by the parameter EXCEPT.  The individual exceptions are
     described in *note Status bit operations::.  Only the specified
     exceptions are enabled, the status of the other exceptions is not
     changed.

     The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the
     operation was successful, `-1' otherwise.

 -- Function: int fedisableexcept (int EXCEPTS)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This functions disables traps for each of the exceptions as
     indicated by the parameter EXCEPT.  The individual exceptions are
     described in *note Status bit operations::.  Only the specified
     exceptions are disabled, the status of the other exceptions is not
     changed.

     The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the
     operation was successful, `-1' otherwise.

 -- Function: int fegetexcept (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The function returns a bitmask of all currently enabled
     exceptions.  It returns `-1' in case of failure.


File: libc.info,  Node: Arithmetic Functions,  Next: Complex Numbers,  Prev: Control Functions,  Up: Arithmetic

20.8 Arithmetic Functions
=========================

The C library provides functions to do basic operations on
floating-point numbers.  These include absolute value, maximum and
minimum, normalization, bit twiddling, rounding, and a few others.

* Menu:

* Absolute Value::              Absolute values of integers and floats.
* Normalization Functions::     Extracting exponents and putting them back.
* Rounding Functions::          Rounding floats to integers.
* Remainder Functions::         Remainders on division, precisely defined.
* FP Bit Twiddling::            Sign bit adjustment.  Adding epsilon.
* FP Comparison Functions::     Comparisons without risk of exceptions.
* Misc FP Arithmetic::          Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add.


File: libc.info,  Node: Absolute Value,  Next: Normalization Functions,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.1 Absolute Value
---------------------

These functions are provided for obtaining the "absolute value" (or
"magnitude") of a number.  The absolute value of a real number X is X
if X is positive, -X if X is negative.  For a complex number Z, whose
real part is X and whose imaginary part is Y, the absolute value is
`sqrt (X*X + Y*Y)'.

   Prototypes for `abs', `labs' and `llabs' are in `stdlib.h';
`imaxabs' is declared in `inttypes.h'; `fabs', `fabsf' and `fabsl' are
declared in `math.h'.  `cabs', `cabsf' and `cabsl' are declared in
`complex.h'.

 -- Function: int abs (int NUMBER)
 -- Function: long int labs (long int NUMBER)
 -- Function: long long int llabs (long long int NUMBER)
 -- Function: intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t NUMBER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the absolute value of NUMBER.

     Most computers use a two's complement integer representation, in
     which the absolute value of `INT_MIN' (the smallest possible `int')
     cannot be represented; thus, `abs (INT_MIN)' is not defined.

     `llabs' and `imaxdiv' are new to ISO C99.

     See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type.


 -- Function: double fabs (double NUMBER)
 -- Function: float fabsf (float NUMBER)
 -- Function: long double fabsl (long double NUMBER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function returns the absolute value of the floating-point
     number NUMBER.

 -- Function: double cabs (complex double Z)
 -- Function: float cabsf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: long double cabsl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the absolute  value of the complex number Z
     (*note Complex Numbers::).  The absolute value of a complex number
     is:

          sqrt (creal (Z) * creal (Z) + cimag (Z) * cimag (Z))

     This function should always be used instead of the direct formula
     because it takes special care to avoid losing precision.  It may
     also take advantage of hardware support for this operation.  See
     `hypot' in *note Exponents and Logarithms::.


File: libc.info,  Node: Normalization Functions,  Next: Rounding Functions,  Prev: Absolute Value,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.2 Normalization Functions
------------------------------

The functions described in this section are primarily provided as a way
to efficiently perform certain low-level manipulations on floating point
numbers that are represented internally using a binary radix; see *note
Floating Point Concepts::.  These functions are required to have
equivalent behavior even if the representation does not use a radix of
2, but of course they are unlikely to be particularly efficient in
those cases.

   All these functions are declared in `math.h'.

 -- Function: double frexp (double VALUE, int *EXPONENT)
 -- Function: float frexpf (float VALUE, int *EXPONENT)
 -- Function: long double frexpl (long double VALUE, int *EXPONENT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are used to split the number VALUE into a
     normalized fraction and an exponent.

     If the argument VALUE is not zero, the return value is VALUE times
     a power of two, and its magnitude is always in the range 1/2
     (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive).  The corresponding exponent is
     stored in `*EXPONENT'; the return value multiplied by 2 raised to
     this exponent equals the original number VALUE.

     For example, `frexp (12.8, &exponent)' returns `0.8' and stores
     `4' in `exponent'.

     If VALUE is zero, then the return value is zero and zero is stored
     in `*EXPONENT'.

 -- Function: double ldexp (double VALUE, int EXPONENT)
 -- Function: float ldexpf (float VALUE, int EXPONENT)
 -- Function: long double ldexpl (long double VALUE, int EXPONENT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the result of multiplying the floating-point
     number VALUE by 2 raised to the power EXPONENT.  (It can be used
     to reassemble floating-point numbers that were taken apart by
     `frexp'.)

     For example, `ldexp (0.8, 4)' returns `12.8'.

   The following functions, which come from BSD, provide facilities
equivalent to those of `ldexp' and `frexp'.  See also the ISO C
function `logb' which originally also appeared in BSD.

 -- Function: double scalb (double VALUE, double EXPONENT)
 -- Function: float scalbf (float VALUE, float EXPONENT)
 -- Function: long double scalbl (long double VALUE, long double
          EXPONENT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `scalb' function is the BSD name for `ldexp'.

 -- Function: double scalbn (double X, int N)
 -- Function: float scalbnf (float X, int N)
 -- Function: long double scalbnl (long double X, int N)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `scalbn' is identical to `scalb', except that the exponent N is an
     `int' instead of a floating-point number.

 -- Function: double scalbln (double X, long int N)
 -- Function: float scalblnf (float X, long int N)
 -- Function: long double scalblnl (long double X, long int N)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `scalbln' is identical to `scalb', except that the exponent N is a
     `long int' instead of a floating-point number.

 -- Function: double significand (double X)
 -- Function: float significandf (float X)
 -- Function: long double significandl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `significand' returns the mantissa of X scaled to the range [1, 2).
     It is equivalent to `scalb (X, (double) -ilogb (X))'.

     This function exists mainly for use in certain standardized tests
     of IEEE 754 conformance.


File: libc.info,  Node: Rounding Functions,  Next: Remainder Functions,  Prev: Normalization Functions,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.3 Rounding Functions
-------------------------

The functions listed here perform operations such as rounding and
truncation of floating-point values.  Some of these functions convert
floating point numbers to integer values.  They are all declared in
`math.h'.

   You can also convert floating-point numbers to integers simply by
casting them to `int'.  This discards the fractional part, effectively
rounding towards zero.  However, this only works if the result can
actually be represented as an `int'--for very large numbers, this is
impossible.  The functions listed here return the result as a `double'
instead to get around this problem.

 -- Function: double ceil (double X)
 -- Function: float ceilf (float X)
 -- Function: long double ceill (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions round X upwards to the nearest integer, returning
     that value as a `double'.  Thus, `ceil (1.5)' is `2.0'.

 -- Function: double floor (double X)
 -- Function: float floorf (float X)
 -- Function: long double floorl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions round X downwards to the nearest integer,
     returning that value as a `double'.  Thus, `floor (1.5)' is `1.0'
     and `floor (-1.5)' is `-2.0'.

 -- Function: double trunc (double X)
 -- Function: float truncf (float X)
 -- Function: long double truncl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `trunc' functions round X towards zero to the nearest integer
     (returned in floating-point format).  Thus, `trunc (1.5)' is `1.0'
     and `trunc (-1.5)' is `-1.0'.

 -- Function: double rint (double X)
 -- Function: float rintf (float X)
 -- Function: long double rintl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions round X to an integer value according to the
     current rounding mode.  *Note Floating Point Parameters::, for
     information about the various rounding modes.  The default
     rounding mode is to round to the nearest integer; some machines
     support other modes, but round-to-nearest is always used unless
     you explicitly select another.

     If X was not initially an integer, these functions raise the
     inexact exception.

 -- Function: double nearbyint (double X)
 -- Function: float nearbyintf (float X)
 -- Function: long double nearbyintl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the same value as the `rint' functions, but
     do not raise the inexact exception if X is not an integer.

 -- Function: double round (double X)
 -- Function: float roundf (float X)
 -- Function: long double roundl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are similar to `rint', but they round halfway
     cases away from zero instead of to the nearest integer (or other
     current rounding mode).

 -- Function: long int lrint (double X)
 -- Function: long int lrintf (float X)
 -- Function: long int lrintl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are just like `rint', but they return a `long int'
     instead of a floating-point number.

 -- Function: long long int llrint (double X)
 -- Function: long long int llrintf (float X)
 -- Function: long long int llrintl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are just like `rint', but they return a `long long
     int' instead of a floating-point number.

 -- Function: long int lround (double X)
 -- Function: long int lroundf (float X)
 -- Function: long int lroundl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are just like `round', but they return a `long
     int' instead of a floating-point number.

 -- Function: long long int llround (double X)
 -- Function: long long int llroundf (float X)
 -- Function: long long int llroundl (long double X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are just like `round', but they return a `long
     long int' instead of a floating-point number.

 -- Function: double modf (double VALUE, double *INTEGER-PART)
 -- Function: float modff (float VALUE, float *INTEGER-PART)
 -- Function: long double modfl (long double VALUE, long double
          *INTEGER-PART)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions break the argument VALUE into an integer part and a
     fractional part (between `-1' and `1', exclusive).  Their sum
     equals VALUE.  Each of the parts has the same sign as VALUE, and
     the integer part is always rounded toward zero.

     `modf' stores the integer part in `*INTEGER-PART', and returns the
     fractional part.  For example, `modf (2.5, &intpart)' returns
     `0.5' and stores `2.0' into `intpart'.


File: libc.info,  Node: Remainder Functions,  Next: FP Bit Twiddling,  Prev: Rounding Functions,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.4 Remainder Functions
--------------------------

The functions in this section compute the remainder on division of two
floating-point numbers.  Each is a little different; pick the one that
suits your problem.

 -- Function: double fmod (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR)
 -- Function: float fmodf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR)
 -- Function: long double fmodl (long double NUMERATOR, long double
          DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions compute the remainder from the division of
     NUMERATOR by DENOMINATOR.  Specifically, the return value is
     `NUMERATOR - N * DENOMINATOR', where N is the quotient of
     NUMERATOR divided by DENOMINATOR, rounded towards zero to an
     integer.  Thus, `fmod (6.5, 2.3)' returns `1.9', which is `6.5'
     minus `4.6'.

     The result has the same sign as the NUMERATOR and has magnitude
     less than the magnitude of the DENOMINATOR.

     If DENOMINATOR is zero, `fmod' signals a domain error.

 -- Function: double drem (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR)
 -- Function: float dremf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR)
 -- Function: long double dreml (long double NUMERATOR, long double
          DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are like `fmod' except that they round the
     internal quotient N to the nearest integer instead of towards zero
     to an integer.  For example, `drem (6.5, 2.3)' returns `-0.4',
     which is `6.5' minus `6.9'.

     The absolute value of the result is less than or equal to half the
     absolute value of the DENOMINATOR.  The difference between `fmod
     (NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR)' and `drem (NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR)' is
     always either DENOMINATOR, minus DENOMINATOR, or zero.

     If DENOMINATOR is zero, `drem' signals a domain error.

 -- Function: double remainder (double NUMERATOR, double DENOMINATOR)
 -- Function: float remainderf (float NUMERATOR, float DENOMINATOR)
 -- Function: long double remainderl (long double NUMERATOR, long
          double DENOMINATOR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function is another name for `drem'.


File: libc.info,  Node: FP Bit Twiddling,  Next: FP Comparison Functions,  Prev: Remainder Functions,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values
-----------------------------------------------------

There are some operations that are too complicated or expensive to
perform by hand on floating-point numbers.  ISO C99 defines functions
to do these operations, which mostly involve changing single bits.

 -- Function: double copysign (double X, double Y)
 -- Function: float copysignf (float X, float Y)
 -- Function: long double copysignl (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return X but with the sign of Y.  They work even
     if X or Y are NaN or zero.  Both of these can carry a sign
     (although not all implementations support it) and this is one of
     the few operations that can tell the difference.

     `copysign' never raises an exception.

     This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with
     recommended functions in IEEE 754/IEEE 854).

 -- Function: int signbit (_float-type_ X)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `signbit' is a generic macro which can work on all floating-point
     types.  It returns a nonzero value if the value of X has its sign
     bit set.

     This is not the same as `x < 0.0', because IEEE 754 floating point
     allows zero to be signed.  The comparison `-0.0 < 0.0' is false,
     but `signbit (-0.0)' will return a nonzero value.

 -- Function: double nextafter (double X, double Y)
 -- Function: float nextafterf (float X, float Y)
 -- Function: long double nextafterl (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `nextafter' function returns the next representable neighbor of
     X in the direction towards Y.  The size of the step between X and
     the result depends on the type of the result.  If X = Y the
     function simply returns Y.  If either value is `NaN', `NaN' is
     returned.  Otherwise a value corresponding to the value of the
     least significant bit in the mantissa is added or subtracted,
     depending on the direction.  `nextafter' will signal overflow or
     underflow if the result goes outside of the range of normalized
     numbers.

     This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with
     recommended functions in IEEE 754/IEEE 854).

 -- Function: double nexttoward (double X, long double Y)
 -- Function: float nexttowardf (float X, long double Y)
 -- Function: long double nexttowardl (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions are identical to the corresponding versions of
     `nextafter' except that their second argument is a `long double'.

 -- Function: double nan (const char *TAGP)
 -- Function: float nanf (const char *TAGP)
 -- Function: long double nanl (const char *TAGP)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `nan' function returns a representation of NaN, provided that
     NaN is supported by the target platform.  `nan
     ("N-CHAR-SEQUENCE")' is equivalent to `strtod
     ("NAN(N-CHAR-SEQUENCE)")'.

     The argument TAGP is used in an unspecified manner.  On IEEE 754
     systems, there are many representations of NaN, and TAGP selects
     one.  On other systems it may do nothing.


File: libc.info,  Node: FP Comparison Functions,  Next: Misc FP Arithmetic,  Prev: FP Bit Twiddling,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions
------------------------------------------

The standard C comparison operators provoke exceptions when one or other
of the operands is NaN.  For example,

     int v = a < 1.0;

will raise an exception if A is NaN.  (This does _not_ happen with `=='
and `!='; those merely return false and true, respectively, when NaN is
examined.)  Frequently this exception is undesirable.  ISO C99
therefore defines comparison functions that do not raise exceptions
when NaN is examined.  All of the functions are implemented as macros
which allow their arguments to be of any floating-point type.  The
macros are guaranteed to evaluate their arguments only once.

 -- Macro: int isgreater (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro determines whether the argument X is greater than Y.
     It is equivalent to `(X) > (Y)', but no exception is raised if X
     or Y are NaN.

 -- Macro: int isgreaterequal (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro determines whether the argument X is greater than or
     equal to Y.  It is equivalent to `(X) >= (Y)', but no exception is
     raised if X or Y are NaN.

 -- Macro: int isless (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro determines whether the argument X is less than Y.  It
     is equivalent to `(X) < (Y)', but no exception is raised if X or Y
     are NaN.

 -- Macro: int islessequal (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro determines whether the argument X is less than or equal
     to Y.  It is equivalent to `(X) <= (Y)', but no exception is
     raised if X or Y are NaN.

 -- Macro: int islessgreater (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro determines whether the argument X is less or greater
     than Y.  It is equivalent to `(X) < (Y) || (X) > (Y)' (although it
     only evaluates X and Y once), but no exception is raised if X or Y
     are NaN.

     This macro is not equivalent to `X != Y', because that expression
     is true if X or Y are NaN.

 -- Macro: int isunordered (_real-floating_ X, _real-floating_ Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This macro determines whether its arguments are unordered.  In
     other words, it is true if X or Y are NaN, and false otherwise.

   Not all machines provide hardware support for these operations.  On
machines that don't, the macros can be very slow.  Therefore, you should
not use these functions when NaN is not a concern.

   *NB:* There are no macros `isequal' or `isunequal'.  They are
unnecessary, because the `==' and `!=' operators do _not_ throw an
exception if one or both of the operands are NaN.


File: libc.info,  Node: Misc FP Arithmetic,  Prev: FP Comparison Functions,  Up: Arithmetic Functions

20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions
--------------------------------------------

The functions in this section perform miscellaneous but common
operations that are awkward to express with C operators.  On some
processors these functions can use special machine instructions to
perform these operations faster than the equivalent C code.

 -- Function: double fmin (double X, double Y)
 -- Function: float fminf (float X, float Y)
 -- Function: long double fminl (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `fmin' function returns the lesser of the two values X and Y.
     It is similar to the expression
          ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
     except that X and Y are only evaluated once.

     If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned.  If both
     arguments are NaN, NaN is returned.

 -- Function: double fmax (double X, double Y)
 -- Function: float fmaxf (float X, float Y)
 -- Function: long double fmaxl (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `fmax' function returns the greater of the two values X and Y.

     If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned.  If both
     arguments are NaN, NaN is returned.

 -- Function: double fdim (double X, double Y)
 -- Function: float fdimf (float X, float Y)
 -- Function: long double fdiml (long double X, long double Y)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `fdim' function returns the positive difference between X and
     Y.  The positive difference is X - Y if X is greater than Y, and 0
     otherwise.

     If X, Y, or both are NaN, NaN is returned.

 -- Function: double fma (double X, double Y, double Z)
 -- Function: float fmaf (float X, float Y, float Z)
 -- Function: long double fmal (long double X, long double Y, long
          double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `fma' function performs floating-point multiply-add.  This is
     the operation (X * Y) + Z, but the intermediate result is not
     rounded to the destination type.  This can sometimes improve the
     precision of a calculation.

     This function was introduced because some processors have a special
     instruction to perform multiply-add.  The C compiler cannot use it
     directly, because the expression `x*y + z' is defined to round the
     intermediate result.  `fma' lets you choose when you want to round
     only once.

     On processors which do not implement multiply-add in hardware,
     `fma' can be very slow since it must avoid intermediate rounding.
     `math.h' defines the symbols `FP_FAST_FMA', `FP_FAST_FMAF', and
     `FP_FAST_FMAL' when the corresponding version of `fma' is no
     slower than the expression `x*y + z'.  In the GNU C Library, this
     always means the operation is implemented in hardware.


File: libc.info,  Node: Complex Numbers,  Next: Operations on Complex,  Prev: Arithmetic Functions,  Up: Arithmetic

20.9 Complex Numbers
====================

ISO C99 introduces support for complex numbers in C.  This is done with
a new type qualifier, `complex'.  It is a keyword if and only if
`complex.h' has been included.  There are three complex types,
corresponding to the three real types:  `float complex', `double
complex', and `long double complex'.

   To construct complex numbers you need a way to indicate the imaginary
part of a number.  There is no standard notation for an imaginary
floating point constant.  Instead, `complex.h' defines two macros that
can be used to create complex numbers.

 -- Macro: const float complex _Complex_I
     This macro is a representation of the complex number "0+1i".
     Multiplying a real floating-point value by `_Complex_I' gives a
     complex number whose value is purely imaginary.  You can use this
     to construct complex constants:

          3.0 + 4.0i = `3.0 + 4.0 * _Complex_I'

     Note that `_Complex_I * _Complex_I' has the value `-1', but the
     type of that value is `complex'.

`_Complex_I' is a bit of a mouthful.  `complex.h' also defines a
shorter name for the same constant.

 -- Macro: const float complex I
     This macro has exactly the same value as `_Complex_I'.  Most of the
     time it is preferable.  However, it causes problems if you want to
     use the identifier `I' for something else.  You can safely write

          #include <complex.h>
          #undef I

     if you need `I' for your own purposes.  (In that case we recommend
     you also define some other short name for `_Complex_I', such as
     `J'.)



File: libc.info,  Node: Operations on Complex,  Next: Parsing of Numbers,  Prev: Complex Numbers,  Up: Arithmetic

20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers
=================================================================

ISO C99 also defines functions that perform basic operations on complex
numbers, such as decomposition and conjugation.  The prototypes for all
these functions are in `complex.h'.  All functions are available in
three variants, one for each of the three complex types.

 -- Function: double creal (complex double Z)
 -- Function: float crealf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: long double creall (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the real part of the complex number Z.

 -- Function: double cimag (complex double Z)
 -- Function: float cimagf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: long double cimagl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the imaginary part of the complex number Z.

 -- Function: complex double conj (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float conjf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double conjl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the conjugate value of the complex number
     Z.  The conjugate of a complex number has the same real part and a
     negated imaginary part.  In other words, `conj(a + bi) = a + -bi'.

 -- Function: double carg (complex double Z)
 -- Function: float cargf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: long double cargl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the argument of the complex number Z.  The
     argument of a complex number is the angle in the complex plane
     between the positive real axis and a line passing through zero and
     the number.  This angle is measured in the usual fashion and
     ranges from -pi to pi.

     `carg' has a branch cut along the negative real axis.

 -- Function: complex double cproj (complex double Z)
 -- Function: complex float cprojf (complex float Z)
 -- Function: complex long double cprojl (complex long double Z)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     These functions return the projection of the complex value Z onto
     the Riemann sphere.  Values with an infinite imaginary part are
     projected to positive infinity on the real axis, even if the real
     part is NaN.  If the real part is infinite, the result is
     equivalent to

          INFINITY + I * copysign (0.0, cimag (z))


File: libc.info,  Node: Parsing of Numbers,  Next: System V Number Conversion,  Prev: Operations on Complex,  Up: Arithmetic

20.11 Parsing of Numbers
========================

This section describes functions for "reading" integer and
floating-point numbers from a string.  It may be more convenient in some
cases to use `sscanf' or one of the related functions; see *note
Formatted Input::.  But often you can make a program more robust by
finding the tokens in the string by hand, then converting the numbers
one by one.

* Menu:

* Parsing of Integers::         Functions for conversion of integer values.
* Parsing of Floats::           Functions for conversion of floating-point
				 values.


File: libc.info,  Node: Parsing of Integers,  Next: Parsing of Floats,  Up: Parsing of Numbers

20.11.1 Parsing of Integers
---------------------------

The `str' functions are declared in `stdlib.h' and those beginning with
`wcs' are declared in `wchar.h'.  One might wonder about the use of
`restrict' in the prototypes of the functions in this section.  It is
seemingly useless but the ISO C standard uses it (for the functions
defined there) so we have to do it as well.

 -- Function: long int strtol (const char *restrict STRING, char
          **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtol' ("string-to-long") function converts the initial part
     of STRING to a signed integer, which is returned as a value of
     type `long int'.

     This function attempts to decompose STRING as follows:

        * A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters.  Which
          characters are whitespace is determined by the `isspace'
          function (*note Classification of Characters::).  These are
          discarded.

        * An optional plus or minus sign (`+' or `-').

        * A nonempty sequence of digits in the radix specified by BASE.

          If BASE is zero, decimal radix is assumed unless the series of
          digits begins with `0' (specifying octal radix), or `0x' or
          `0X' (specifying hexadecimal radix); in other words, the same
          syntax used for integer constants in C.

          Otherwise BASE must have a value between `2' and `36'.  If
          BASE is `16', the digits may optionally be preceded by `0x'
          or `0X'.  If base has no legal value the value returned is
          `0l' and the global variable `errno' is set to `EINVAL'.

        * Any remaining characters in the string.  If TAILPTR is not a
          null pointer, `strtol' stores a pointer to this tail in
          `*TAILPTR'.

     If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not
     contain an initial substring that has the expected syntax for an
     integer in the specified BASE, no conversion is performed.  In
     this case, `strtol' returns a value of zero and the value stored in
     `*TAILPTR' is the value of STRING.

     In a locale other than the standard `"C"' locale, this function
     may recognize additional implementation-dependent syntax.

     If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not
     representable because of overflow, `strtol' returns either
     `LONG_MAX' or `LONG_MIN' (*note Range of Type::), as appropriate
     for the sign of the value.  It also sets `errno' to `ERANGE' to
     indicate there was overflow.

     You should not check for errors by examining the return value of
     `strtol', because the string might be a valid representation of
     `0l', `LONG_MAX', or `LONG_MIN'.  Instead, check whether TAILPTR
     points to what you expect after the number (e.g. `'\0'' if the
     string should end after the number).  You also need to clear ERRNO
     before the call and check it afterward, in case there was overflow.

     There is an example at the end of this section.

 -- Function: long int wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t
          **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstol' function is equivalent to the `strtol' function in
     nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstol' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90.

 -- Function: unsigned long int strtoul (const char *retrict STRING,
          char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtoul' ("string-to-unsigned-long") function is like
     `strtol' except it converts to an `unsigned long int' value.  The
     syntax is the same as described above for `strtol'.  The value
     returned on overflow is `ULONG_MAX' (*note Range of Type::).

     If STRING depicts a negative number, `strtoul' acts the same as
     STRTOL but casts the result to an unsigned integer.  That means
     for example that `strtoul' on `"-1"' returns `ULONG_MAX' and an
     input more negative than `LONG_MIN' returns (`ULONG_MAX' + 1) / 2.

     `strtoul' sets ERRNO to `EINVAL' if BASE is out of range, or
     `ERANGE' on overflow.

 -- Function: unsigned long int wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict
          STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstoul' function is equivalent to the `strtoul' function in
     nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstoul' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90.

 -- Function: long long int strtoll (const char *restrict STRING, char
          **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtoll' function is like `strtol' except that it returns a
     `long long int' value, and accepts numbers with a correspondingly
     larger range.

     If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not
     representable because of overflow, `strtoll' returns either
     `LLONG_MAX' or `LLONG_MIN' (*note Range of Type::), as appropriate
     for the sign of the value.  It also sets `errno' to `ERANGE' to
     indicate there was overflow.

     The `strtoll' function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: long long int wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict STRING,
          wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstoll' function is equivalent to the `strtoll' function in
     nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstoll' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90.

 -- Function: long long int strtoq (const char *restrict STRING, char
          **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     `strtoq' ("string-to-quad-word") is the BSD name for `strtoll'.

 -- Function: long long int wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict STRING,
          wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstoq' function is equivalent to the `strtoq' function in
     nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstoq' function is a GNU extension.

 -- Function: unsigned long long int strtoull (const char *restrict
          STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtoull' function is related to `strtoll' the same way
     `strtoul' is related to `strtol'.

     The `strtoull' function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: unsigned long long int wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict
          STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstoull' function is equivalent to the `strtoull' function
     in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstoull' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90.

 -- Function: unsigned long long int strtouq (const char *restrict
          STRING, char **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     `strtouq' is the BSD name for `strtoull'.

 -- Function: unsigned long long int wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict
          STRING, wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstouq' function is equivalent to the `strtouq' function in
     nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstouq' function is a GNU extension.

 -- Function: intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict STRING, char
          **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtoimax' function is like `strtol' except that it returns a
     `intmax_t' value, and accepts numbers of a corresponding range.

     If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not
     representable because of overflow, `strtoimax' returns either
     `INTMAX_MAX' or `INTMAX_MIN' (*note Integers::), as appropriate
     for the sign of the value.  It also sets `errno' to `ERANGE' to
     indicate there was overflow.

     See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type.  The
     `strtoimax' function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict STRING,
          wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstoimax' function is equivalent to the `strtoimax' function
     in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstoimax' function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict STRING, char
          **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtoumax' function is related to `strtoimax' the same way
     that `strtoul' is related to `strtol'.

     See *note Integers:: for a description of the `intmax_t' type.  The
     `strtoumax' function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict STRING,
          wchar_t **restrict TAILPTR, int BASE)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstoumax' function is equivalent to the `strtoumax' function
     in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings.

     The `wcstoumax' function was introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: long int atol (const char *STRING)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to the `strtol' function with a BASE
     argument of `10', except that it need not detect overflow errors.
     The `atol' function is provided mostly for compatibility with
     existing code; using `strtol' is more robust.

 -- Function: int atoi (const char *STRING)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     This function is like `atol', except that it returns an `int'.
     The `atoi' function is also considered obsolete; use `strtol'
     instead.

 -- Function: long long int atoll (const char *STRING)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to `atol', except it returns a `long long
     int'.

     The `atoll' function was introduced in ISO C99.  It too is
     obsolete (despite having just been added); use `strtoll' instead.

   All the functions mentioned in this section so far do not handle
alternative representations of characters as described in the locale
data.  Some locales specify thousands separator and the way they have to
be used which can help to make large numbers more readable.  To read
such numbers one has to use the `scanf' functions with the `'' flag.

   Here is a function which parses a string as a sequence of integers
and returns the sum of them:

     int
     sum_ints_from_string (char *string)
     {
       int sum = 0;

       while (1) {
         char *tail;
         int next;

         /* Skip whitespace by hand, to detect the end.  */
         while (isspace (*string)) string++;
         if (*string == 0)
           break;

         /* There is more nonwhitespace,  */
         /* so it ought to be another number.  */
         errno = 0;
         /* Parse it.  */
         next = strtol (string, &tail, 0);
         /* Add it in, if not overflow.  */
         if (errno)
           printf ("Overflow\n");
         else
           sum += next;
         /* Advance past it.  */
         string = tail;
       }

       return sum;
     }


File: libc.info,  Node: Parsing of Floats,  Prev: Parsing of Integers,  Up: Parsing of Numbers

20.11.2 Parsing of Floats
-------------------------

The `str' functions are declared in `stdlib.h' and those beginning with
`wcs' are declared in `wchar.h'.  One might wonder about the use of
`restrict' in the prototypes of the functions in this section.  It is
seemingly useless but the ISO C standard uses it (for the functions
defined there) so we have to do it as well.

 -- Function: double strtod (const char *restrict STRING, char
          **restrict TAILPTR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `strtod' ("string-to-double") function converts the initial
     part of STRING to a floating-point number, which is returned as a
     value of type `double'.

     This function attempts to decompose STRING as follows:

        * A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters.  Which
          characters are whitespace is determined by the `isspace'
          function (*note Classification of Characters::).  These are
          discarded.

        * An optional plus or minus sign (`+' or `-').

        * A floating point number in decimal or hexadecimal format.  The
          decimal format is:
             - A nonempty sequence of digits optionally containing a
               decimal-point character--normally `.', but it depends on
               the locale (*note General Numeric::).

             - An optional exponent part, consisting of a character `e'
               or `E', an optional sign, and a sequence of digits.


          The hexadecimal format is as follows:
             - A 0x or 0X followed by a nonempty sequence of
               hexadecimal digits optionally containing a decimal-point
               character--normally `.', but it depends on the locale
               (*note General Numeric::).

             - An optional binary-exponent part, consisting of a
               character `p' or `P', an optional sign, and a sequence
               of digits.


        * Any remaining characters in the string.  If TAILPTR is not a
          null pointer, a pointer to this tail of the string is stored
          in `*TAILPTR'.

     If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not
     contain an initial substring that has the expected syntax for a
     floating-point number, no conversion is performed.  In this case,
     `strtod' returns a value of zero and the value returned in
     `*TAILPTR' is the value of STRING.

     In a locale other than the standard `"C"' or `"POSIX"' locales,
     this function may recognize additional locale-dependent syntax.

     If the string has valid syntax for a floating-point number but the
     value is outside the range of a `double', `strtod' will signal
     overflow or underflow as described in *note Math Error Reporting::.

     `strtod' recognizes four special input strings.  The strings
     `"inf"' and `"infinity"' are converted to oo, or to the largest
     representable value if the floating-point format doesn't support
     infinities.  You can prepend a `"+"' or `"-"' to specify the sign.
     Case is ignored when scanning these strings.

     The strings `"nan"' and `"nan(CHARS...)"' are converted to NaN.
     Again, case is ignored.  If CHARS... are provided, they are used
     in some unspecified fashion to select a particular representation
     of NaN (there can be several).

     Since zero is a valid result as well as the value returned on
     error, you should check for errors in the same way as for
     `strtol', by examining ERRNO and TAILPTR.

 -- Function: float strtof (const char *STRING, char **TAILPTR)
 -- Function: long double strtold (const char *STRING, char **TAILPTR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     These functions are analogous to `strtod', but return `float' and
     `long double' values respectively.  They report errors in the same
     way as `strtod'.  `strtof' can be substantially faster than
     `strtod', but has less precision; conversely, `strtold' can be
     much slower but has more precision (on systems where `long double'
     is a separate type).

     These functions have been GNU extensions and are new to ISO C99.

 -- Function: double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict STRING, wchar_t
          **restrict TAILPTR)
 -- Function: float wcstof (const wchar_t *STRING, wchar_t **TAILPTR)
 -- Function: long double wcstold (const wchar_t *STRING, wchar_t
          **TAILPTR)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     The `wcstod', `wcstof', and `wcstol' functions are equivalent in
     nearly all aspect to the `strtod', `strtof', and `strtold'
     functions but it handles wide character string.

     The `wcstod' function was introduced in Amendment 1 of ISO C90.
     The `wcstof' and `wcstold' functions were introduced in ISO C99.

 -- Function: double atof (const char *STRING)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX
     Safety Concepts::.

     This function is similar to the `strtod' function, except that it
     need not detect overflow and underflow errors.  The `atof' function
     is provided mostly for compatibility with existing code; using
     `strtod' is more robust.

   The GNU C Library also provides `_l' versions of these functions,
which take an additional argument, the locale to use in conversion.

   See also *note Parsing of Integers::.


File: libc.info,  Node: System V Number Conversion,  Prev: Parsing of Numbers,  Up: Arithmetic

20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions
=======================================================

The old System V C library provided three functions to convert numbers
to strings, with unusual and hard-to-use semantics.  The GNU C Library
also provides these functions and some natural extensions.

   These functions are only available in the GNU C Library and on
systems descended from AT&T Unix.  Therefore, unless these functions do
precisely what you need, it is better to use `sprintf', which is
standard.

   All these functions are defined in `stdlib.h'.

 -- Function: char * ecvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int
          *NEG)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:ecvt | AS-Unsafe | AC-Safe | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The function `ecvt' converts the floating-point number VALUE to a
     string with at most NDIGIT decimal digits.  The returned string
     contains no decimal point or sign.  The first digit of the string
     is non-zero (unless VALUE is actually zero) and the last digit is
     rounded to nearest.  `*DECPT' is set to the index in the string of
     the first digit after the decimal point.  `*NEG' is set to a
     nonzero value if VALUE is negative, zero otherwise.

     If NDIGIT decimal digits would exceed the precision of a `double'
     it is reduced to a system-specific value.

     The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by
     each call to `ecvt'.

     If VALUE is zero, it is implementation defined whether `*DECPT' is
     `0' or `1'.

     For example: `ecvt (12.3, 5, &d, &n)' returns `"12300"' and sets D
     to `2' and N to `0'.

 -- Function: char * fcvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int
          *NEG)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:fcvt | AS-Unsafe heap | AC-Unsafe mem
     | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     The function `fcvt' is like `ecvt', but NDIGIT specifies the
     number of digits after the decimal point.  If NDIGIT is less than
     zero, VALUE is rounded to the NDIGIT+1'th place to the left of the
     decimal point.  For example, if NDIGIT is `-1', VALUE will be
     rounded to the nearest 10.  If NDIGIT is negative and larger than
     the number of digits to the left of the decimal point in VALUE,
     VALUE will be rounded to one significant digit.

     If NDIGIT decimal digits would exceed the precision of a `double'
     it is reduced to a system-specific value.

     The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by
     each call to `fcvt'.

 -- Function: char * gcvt (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, char *BUF)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `gcvt' is functionally equivalent to `sprintf(buf, "%*g", ndigit,
     value'.  It is provided only for compatibility's sake.  It returns
     BUF.

     If NDIGIT decimal digits would exceed the precision of a `double'
     it is reduced to a system-specific value.

   As extensions, the GNU C Library provides versions of these three
functions that take `long double' arguments.

 -- Function: char * qecvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT,
          int *NEG)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:qecvt | AS-Unsafe | AC-Safe | *Note
     POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is equivalent to `ecvt' except that it takes a `long
     double' for the first parameter and that NDIGIT is restricted by
     the precision of a `long double'.

 -- Function: char * qfcvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT,
          int *NEG)
     Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:qfcvt | AS-Unsafe heap | AC-Unsafe
     mem | *Note POSIX Safety Concepts::.

     This function is equivalent to `fcvt' except that it takes a `long
     double' for the first parameter and that NDIGIT is restricted by
     the precision of a `long double'.

 -- Function: char * qgcvt (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, char *BUF)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function is equivalent to `gcvt' except that it takes a `long
     double' for the first parameter and that NDIGIT is restricted by
     the precision of a `long double'.

   The `ecvt' and `fcvt' functions, and their `long double'
equivalents, all return a string located in a static buffer which is
overwritten by the next call to the function.  The GNU C Library
provides another set of extended functions which write the converted
string into a user-supplied buffer.  These have the conventional `_r'
suffix.

   `gcvt_r' is not necessary, because `gcvt' already uses a
user-supplied buffer.

 -- Function: int ecvt_r (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int
          *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `ecvt_r' function is the same as `ecvt', except that it places
     its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by BUF, with
     length LEN.  The return value is `-1' in case of an error and zero
     otherwise.

     This function is a GNU extension.

 -- Function: int fcvt_r (double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT, int
          *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `fcvt_r' function is the same as `fcvt', except that it places
     its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by BUF, with
     length LEN.  The return value is `-1' in case of an error and zero
     otherwise.

     This function is a GNU extension.

 -- Function: int qecvt_r (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT,
          int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `qecvt_r' function is the same as `qecvt', except that it
     places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by
     BUF, with length LEN.  The return value is `-1' in case of an
     error and zero otherwise.

     This function is a GNU extension.

 -- Function: int qfcvt_r (long double VALUE, int NDIGIT, int *DECPT,
          int *NEG, char *BUF, size_t LEN)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `qfcvt_r' function is the same as `qfcvt', except that it
     places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by
     BUF, with length LEN.  The return value is `-1' in case of an
     error and zero otherwise.

     This function is a GNU extension.


File: libc.info,  Node: Date and Time,  Next: Resource Usage And Limitation,  Prev: Arithmetic,  Up: Top

21 Date and Time
****************

This chapter describes functions for manipulating dates and times,
including functions for determining what time it is and conversion
between different time representations.

* Menu:

* Time Basics::                 Concepts and definitions.
* Elapsed Time::                Data types to represent elapsed times
* Processor And CPU Time::      Time a program has spent executing.
* Calendar Time::               Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times.
* Setting an Alarm::            Sending a signal after a specified time.
* Sleeping::                    Waiting for a period of time.


File: libc.info,  Node: Time Basics,  Next: Elapsed Time,  Up: Date and Time

21.1 Time Basics
================

Discussing time in a technical manual can be difficult because the word
"time" in English refers to lots of different things.  In this manual,
we use a rigorous terminology to avoid confusion, and the only thing we
use the simple word "time" for is to talk about the abstract concept.

   A "calendar time" is a point in the time continuum, for example
November 4, 1990 at 18:02.5 UTC.  Sometimes this is called "absolute
time".  

   We don't speak of a "date", because that is inherent in a calendar
time.  

   An "interval" is a contiguous part of the time continuum between two
calendar times, for example the hour between 9:00 and 10:00 on July 4,
1980.  

   An "elapsed time" is the length of an interval, for example, 35
minutes.  People sometimes sloppily use the word "interval" to refer to
the elapsed time of some interval.  

   An "amount of time" is a sum of elapsed times, which need not be of
any specific intervals.  For example, the amount of time it takes to
read a book might be 9 hours, independently of when and in how many
sittings it is read.

   A "period" is the elapsed time of an interval between two events,
especially when they are part of a sequence of regularly repeating
events.  

   "CPU time" is like calendar time, except that it is based on the
subset of the time continuum when a particular process is actively
using a CPU.  CPU time is, therefore, relative to a process.  

   "Processor time" is an amount of time that a CPU is in use.  In
fact, it's a basic system resource, since there's a limit to how much
can exist in any given interval (that limit is the elapsed time of the
interval times the number of CPUs in the processor).  People often call
this CPU time, but we reserve the latter term in this manual for the
definition above.  


File: libc.info,  Node: Elapsed Time,  Next: Processor And CPU Time,  Prev: Time Basics,  Up: Date and Time

21.2 Elapsed Time
=================

One way to represent an elapsed time is with a simple arithmetic data
type, as with the following function to compute the elapsed time between
two calendar times.  This function is declared in `time.h'.

 -- Function: double difftime (time_t TIME1, time_t TIME0)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `difftime' function returns the number of seconds of elapsed
     time between calendar time TIME1 and calendar time TIME0, as a
     value of type `double'.  The difference ignores leap seconds
     unless leap second support is enabled.

     In the GNU C Library, you can simply subtract `time_t' values.
     But on other systems, the `time_t' data type might use some other
     encoding where subtraction doesn't work directly.

   The GNU C Library provides two data types specifically for
representing an elapsed time.  They are used by various GNU C Library
functions, and you can use them for your own purposes too.  They're
exactly the same except that one has a resolution in microseconds, and
the other, newer one, is in nanoseconds.

 -- Data Type: struct timeval
     The `struct timeval' structure represents an elapsed time.  It is
     declared in `sys/time.h' and has the following members:

    `long int tv_sec'
          This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time.

    `long int tv_usec'
          This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second),
          represented as the number of microseconds.  It is always less
          than one million.


 -- Data Type: struct timespec
     The `struct timespec' structure represents an elapsed time.  It is
     declared in `time.h' and has the following members:

    `long int tv_sec'
          This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time.

    `long int tv_nsec'
          This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second),
          represented as the number of nanoseconds.  It is always less
          than one billion.


   It is often necessary to subtract two values of type
`struct timeval' or `struct timespec'.  Here is the best way to do
this.  It works even on some peculiar operating systems where the
`tv_sec' member has an unsigned type.


     /* Subtract the `struct timeval' values X and Y,
        storing the result in RESULT.
        Return 1 if the difference is negative, otherwise 0. */

     int
     timeval_subtract (result, x, y)
          struct timeval *result, *x, *y;
     {
       /* Perform the carry for the later subtraction by updating Y. */
       if (x->tv_usec < y->tv_usec) {
         int nsec = (y->tv_usec - x->tv_usec) / 1000000 + 1;
         y->tv_usec -= 1000000 * nsec;
         y->tv_sec += nsec;
       }
       if (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec > 1000000) {
         int nsec = (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec) / 1000000;
         y->tv_usec += 1000000 * nsec;
         y->tv_sec -= nsec;
       }

       /* Compute the time remaining to wait.
          `tv_usec' is certainly positive. */
       result->tv_sec = x->tv_sec - y->tv_sec;
       result->tv_usec = x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec;

       /* Return 1 if result is negative. */
       return x->tv_sec < y->tv_sec;
     }

   Common functions that use `struct timeval' are `gettimeofday' and
`settimeofday'.

   There are no GNU C Library functions specifically oriented toward
dealing with elapsed times, but the calendar time, processor time, and
alarm and sleeping functions have a lot to do with them.


File: libc.info,  Node: Processor And CPU Time,  Next: Calendar Time,  Prev: Elapsed Time,  Up: Date and Time

21.3 Processor And CPU Time
===========================

If you're trying to optimize your program or measure its efficiency,
it's very useful to know how much processor time it uses.  For that,
calendar time and elapsed times are useless because a process may spend
time waiting for I/O or for other processes to use the CPU.  However,
you can get the information with the functions in this section.

   CPU time (*note Time Basics::) is represented by the data type
`clock_t', which is a number of "clock ticks".  It gives the total
amount of time a process has actively used a CPU since some arbitrary
event.  On GNU systems, that event is the creation of the process.
While arbitrary in general, the event is always the same event for any
particular process, so you can always measure how much time on the CPU
a particular computation takes by examining the process' CPU time
before and after the computation.  

   On GNU/Linux and GNU/Hurd systems, `clock_t' is equivalent to `long
int' and `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' is an integer value.  But in other systems,
both `clock_t' and the macro `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' can be either integer or
floating-point types.  Casting CPU time values to `double', as in the
example above, makes sure that operations such as arithmetic and
printing work properly and consistently no matter what the underlying
representation is.

   Note that the clock can wrap around.  On a 32bit system with
`CLOCKS_PER_SEC' set to one million this function will return the same
value approximately every 72 minutes.

   For additional functions to examine a process' use of processor time,
and to control it, see *note Resource Usage And Limitation::.

* Menu:

* CPU Time::                    The `clock' function.
* Processor Time::              The `times' function.


File: libc.info,  Node: CPU Time,  Next: Processor Time,  Up: Processor And CPU Time

21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry
-----------------------

To get a process' CPU time, you can use the `clock' function.  This
facility is declared in the header file `time.h'.  

   In typical usage, you call the `clock' function at the beginning and
end of the interval you want to time, subtract the values, and then
divide by `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' (the number of clock ticks per second) to
get processor time, like this:

     #include <time.h>

     clock_t start, end;
     double cpu_time_used;

     start = clock();
     ... /* Do the work. */
     end = clock();
     cpu_time_used = ((double) (end - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;

   Do not use a single CPU time as an amount of time; it doesn't work
that way.  Either do a subtraction as shown above or query processor
time directly.  *Note Processor Time::.

   Different computers and operating systems vary wildly in how they
keep track of CPU time.  It's common for the internal processor clock
to have a resolution somewhere between a hundredth and millionth of a
second.

 -- Macro: int CLOCKS_PER_SEC
     The value of this macro is the number of clock ticks per second
     measured by the `clock' function.  POSIX requires that this value
     be one million independent of the actual resolution.

 -- Data Type: clock_t
     This is the type of the value returned by the `clock' function.
     Values of type `clock_t' are numbers of clock ticks.

 -- Function: clock_t clock (void)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     This function returns the calling process' current CPU time.  If
     the CPU time is not available or cannot be represented, `clock'
     returns the value `(clock_t)(-1)'.


File: libc.info,  Node: Processor Time,  Prev: CPU Time,  Up: Processor And CPU Time

21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry
-----------------------------

The `times' function returns information about a process' consumption
of processor time in a `struct tms' object, in addition to the process'
CPU time.  *Note Time Basics::.  You should include the header file
`sys/times.h' to use this facility.  

 -- Data Type: struct tms
     The `tms' structure is used to return information about process
     times.  It contains at least the following members:

    `clock_t tms_utime'
          This is the total processor time the calling process has used
          in executing the instructions of its program.

    `clock_t tms_stime'
          This is the processor time the system has used on behalf of
          the calling process.

    `clock_t tms_cutime'
          This is the sum of the `tms_utime' values and the `tms_cutime'
          values of all terminated child processes of the calling
          process, whose status has been reported to the parent process
          by `wait' or `waitpid'; see *note Process Completion::.  In
          other words, it represents the total processor time used in
          executing the instructions of all the terminated child
          processes of the calling process, excluding child processes
          which have not yet been reported by `wait' or `waitpid'.  

    `clock_t tms_cstime'
          This is similar to `tms_cutime', but represents the total
          processor time system has used on behalf of all the
          terminated child processes of the calling process.

     All of the times are given in numbers of clock ticks.  Unlike CPU
     time, these are the actual amounts of time; not relative to any
     event.  *Note Creating a Process::.

 -- Macro: int CLK_TCK
     This is an obsolete name for the number of clock ticks per second.
     Use `sysconf (_SC_CLK_TCK)' instead.

 -- Function: clock_t times (struct tms *BUFFER)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `times' function stores the processor time information for the
     calling process in BUFFER.

     The return value is the number of clock ticks since an arbitrary
     point in the past, e.g. since system start-up.  `times' returns
     `(clock_t)(-1)' to indicate failure.

   *Portability Note:* The `clock' function described in *note CPU
Time:: is specified by the ISO C standard.  The `times' function is a
feature of POSIX.1.  On GNU systems, the CPU time is defined to be
equivalent to the sum of the `tms_utime' and `tms_stime' fields
returned by `times'.


File: libc.info,  Node: Calendar Time,  Next: Setting an Alarm,  Prev: Processor And CPU Time,  Up: Date and Time

21.4 Calendar Time
==================

This section describes facilities for keeping track of calendar time.
*Note Time Basics::.

   The GNU C Library represents calendar time three ways:

   * "Simple time" (the `time_t' data type) is a compact
     representation, typically giving the number of seconds of elapsed
     time since some implementation-specific base time.  

   * There is also a "high-resolution time" representation.  Like simple
     time, this represents a calendar time as an elapsed time since a
     base time, but instead of measuring in whole seconds, it uses a
     `struct timeval' data type, which includes fractions of a second.
     Use this time representation instead of simple time when you need
     greater precision.  

   * "Local time" or "broken-down time" (the `struct tm' data type)
     represents a calendar time as a set of components specifying the
     year, month, and so on in the Gregorian calendar, for a specific
     time zone.  This calendar time representation is usually used only
     to communicate with people.  

* Menu:

* Simple Calendar Time::        Facilities for manipulating calendar time.
* High-Resolution Calendar::    A time representation with greater precision.
* Broken-down Time::            Facilities for manipulating local time.
* High Accuracy Clock::         Maintaining a high accuracy system clock.
* Formatting Calendar Time::    Converting times to strings.
* Parsing Date and Time::       Convert textual time and date information back
                                 into broken-down time values.
* TZ Variable::                 How users specify the time zone.
* Time Zone Functions::         Functions to examine or specify the time zone.
* Time Functions Example::      An example program showing use of some of
				 the time functions.


File: libc.info,  Node: Simple Calendar Time,  Next: High-Resolution Calendar,  Up: Calendar Time

21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time
---------------------------

This section describes the `time_t' data type for representing calendar
time as simple time, and the functions which operate on simple time
objects.  These facilities are declared in the header file `time.h'.  

 -- Data Type: time_t
     This is the data type used to represent simple time.  Sometimes,
     it also represents an elapsed time.  When interpreted as a
     calendar time value, it represents the number of seconds elapsed
     since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time.
     (This calendar time is sometimes referred to as the "epoch".)
     POSIX requires that this count not include leap seconds, but on
     some systems this count includes leap seconds if you set `TZ' to
     certain values (*note TZ Variable::).

     Note that a simple time has no concept of local time zone.
     Calendar Time T is the same instant in time regardless of where on
     the globe the computer is.

     In the GNU C Library, `time_t' is equivalent to `long int'.  In
     other systems, `time_t' might be either an integer or
     floating-point type.

   The function `difftime' tells you the elapsed time between two
simple calendar times, which is not always as easy to compute as just
subtracting.  *Note Elapsed Time::.

 -- Function: time_t time (time_t *RESULT)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     The `time' function returns the current calendar time as a value of
     type `time_t'.  If the argument RESULT is not a null pointer, the
     calendar time value is also stored in `*RESULT'.  If the current
     calendar time is not available, the value `(time_t)(-1)' is
     returned.

 -- Function: int stime (const time_t *NEWTIME)
     Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | *Note POSIX Safety
     Concepts::.

     `stime' sets the system clock, i.e., it tells the system that the
     current calendar time is NEWTIME, where `newtime' is interpreted
     as described in the above definition of `time_t'.

     `settimeofday' is a newer function which sets the system clock to
     better than one second precision.  `settimeofday' is generally a
     better choice than `stime'.  *Note High-Resolution Calendar::.

     Only the superuser can set the system clock.

     If the function succeeds, the return value is zero.  Otherwise, it
     is `-1' and `errno' is set accordingly:

    `EPERM'
          The process is not superuser.