//
// gif.h
// by Charlie Tangora
// Public domain.
// Email me : ctangora -at- gmail -dot- com
//
// This file offers a simple, very limited way to create animated GIFs directly in code.
//
// Those looking for particular cleverness are likely to be disappointed; it's pretty
// much a straight-ahead implementation of the GIF format with optional Floyd-Steinberg
// dithering. (It does at least use delta encoding - only the changed portions of each
// frame are saved.)
//
// So resulting files are often quite large. The hope is that it will be handy nonetheless
// as a quick and easily-integrated way for programs to spit out animations.
//
// Only RGBA8 is currently supported as an input format. (The alpha is ignored.)
//
// If capturing a buffer with a bottom-left origin (such as OpenGL), define GIF_FLIP_VERT
// to automatically flip the buffer data when writing the image (the buffer itself is
// unchanged.
//
// USAGE:
// Create a GifWriter struct. Pass it to GifBegin() to initialize and write the header.
// Pass subsequent frames to GifWriteFrame().
// Finally, call GifEnd() to close the file handle and free memory.
//

// GitHub source: https://github.com/ginsweater/gif-h

/*
This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.

Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
means.

In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
software under copyright law.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org>
*/


#ifndef gif_h
#define gif_h

#include <cstdio>   // for FILE*
#include <cstring>  // for memcpy and bzero
#include <cstdint>  // for integer typedefs

// Define these macros to hook into a custom memory allocator.
// TEMP_MALLOC and TEMP_FREE will only be called in stack fashion - frees in the reverse order of mallocs
// and any temp memory allocated by a function will be freed before it exits.
// MALLOC and FREE are used only by GifBegin and GifEnd respectively (to allocate a buffer the size of the image, which
// is used to find changed pixels for delta-encoding.)

#ifndef GIF_TEMP_MALLOC
#include <stdlib.h>
#define GIF_TEMP_MALLOC malloc
#endif

#ifndef GIF_TEMP_FREE
#include <stdlib.h>
#define GIF_TEMP_FREE free
#endif

#ifndef GIF_MALLOC
#include <stdlib.h>
#define GIF_MALLOC malloc
#endif

#ifndef GIF_FREE
#include <stdlib.h>
#define GIF_FREE free
#endif

const int kGifTransIndex = 0;

struct GifPalette
{
    int bitDepth;

    uint8_t r[256];
    uint8_t g[256];
    uint8_t b[256];

    // k-d tree over RGB space, organized in heap fashion
    // i.e. left child of node i is node i*2, right child is node i*2+1
    // nodes 256-511 are implicitly the leaves, containing a color
    uint8_t treeSplitElt[255];
    uint8_t treeSplit[255];
};

// max, min, and abs functions
int GifIMax(int l, int r) { return l>r?l:r; }
int GifIMin(int l, int r) { return l<r?l:r; }
int GifIAbs(int i) { return i<0?-i:i; }

// walks the k-d tree to pick the palette entry for a desired color.
// Takes as in/out parameters the current best color and its error -
// only changes them if it finds a better color in its subtree.
// this is the major hotspot in the code at the moment.
void GifGetClosestPaletteColor(GifPalette* pPal, int r, int g, int b, int& bestInd, int& bestDiff, int treeRoot = 1)
{
    // base case, reached the bottom of the tree
    if(treeRoot > (1<<pPal->bitDepth)-1)
    {
        int ind = treeRoot-(1<<pPal->bitDepth);
        if(ind == kGifTransIndex) return;

        // check whether this color is better than the current winner
        int r_err = r - ((int32_t)pPal->r[ind]);
        int g_err = g - ((int32_t)pPal->g[ind]);
        int b_err = b - ((int32_t)pPal->b[ind]);
        int diff = GifIAbs(r_err)+GifIAbs(g_err)+GifIAbs(b_err);

        if(diff < bestDiff)
        {
            bestInd = ind;
            bestDiff = diff;
        }

        return;
    }

    // take the appropriate color (r, g, or b) for this node of the k-d tree
    int comps[3]; comps[0] = r; comps[1] = g; comps[2] = b;
    int splitComp = comps[pPal->treeSplitElt[treeRoot]];

    int splitPos = pPal->treeSplit[treeRoot];
    if(splitPos > splitComp)
    {
        // check the left subtree
        GifGetClosestPaletteColor(pPal, r, g, b, bestInd, bestDiff, treeRoot*2);
        if( bestDiff > splitPos - splitComp )
        {
            // cannot prove there's not a better value in the right subtree, check that too
            GifGetClosestPaletteColor(pPal, r, g, b, bestInd, bestDiff, treeRoot*2+1);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        GifGetClosestPaletteColor(pPal, r, g, b, bestInd, bestDiff, treeRoot*2+1);
        if( bestDiff > splitComp - splitPos )
        {
            GifGetClosestPaletteColor(pPal, r, g, b, bestInd, bestDiff, treeRoot*2);
        }
    }
}

void GifSwapPixels(uint8_t* image, int pixA, int pixB)
{
    uint8_t rA = image[pixA*4];
    uint8_t gA = image[pixA*4+1];
    uint8_t bA = image[pixA*4+2];
    uint8_t aA = image[pixA*4+3];

    uint8_t rB = image[pixB*4];
    uint8_t gB = image[pixB*4+1];
    uint8_t bB = image[pixB*4+2];
    uint8_t aB = image[pixA*4+3];

    image[pixA*4] = rB;
    image[pixA*4+1] = gB;
    image[pixA*4+2] = bB;
    image[pixA*4+3] = aB;

    image[pixB*4] = rA;
    image[pixB*4+1] = gA;
    image[pixB*4+2] = bA;
    image[pixB*4+3] = aA;
}

// just the partition operation from quicksort
int GifPartition(uint8_t* image, const int left, const int right, const int elt, int pivotIndex)
{
    const int pivotValue = image[(pivotIndex)*4+elt];
    GifSwapPixels(image, pivotIndex, right-1);
    int storeIndex = left;
    bool split = 0;
    for(int ii=left; ii<right-1; ++ii)
    {
        int arrayVal = image[ii*4+elt];
        if( arrayVal < pivotValue )
        {
            GifSwapPixels(image, ii, storeIndex);
            ++storeIndex;
        }
        else if( arrayVal == pivotValue )
        {
            if(split)
            {
                GifSwapPixels(image, ii, storeIndex);
                ++storeIndex;
            }
            split = !split;
        }
    }
    GifSwapPixels(image, storeIndex, right-1);
    return storeIndex;
}

// Perform an incomplete sort, finding all elements above and below the desired median
void GifPartitionByMedian(uint8_t* image, int left, int right, int com, int neededCenter)
{
    if(left < right-1)
    {
        int pivotIndex = left + (right-left)/2;

        pivotIndex = GifPartition(image, left, right, com, pivotIndex);

        // Only "sort" the section of the array that contains the median
        if(pivotIndex > neededCenter)
            GifPartitionByMedian(image, left, pivotIndex, com, neededCenter);

        if(pivotIndex < neededCenter)
            GifPartitionByMedian(image, pivotIndex+1, right, com, neededCenter);
    }
}

// Builds a palette by creating a balanced k-d tree of all pixels in the image
void GifSplitPalette(uint8_t* image, int numPixels, int firstElt, int lastElt, int splitElt, int splitDist, int treeNode, bool buildForDither, GifPalette* pal)
{
    if(lastElt <= firstElt || numPixels == 0)
        return;

    // base case, bottom of the tree
    if(lastElt == firstElt+1)
    {
        if(buildForDither)
        {
            // Dithering needs at least one color as dark as anything
            // in the image and at least one brightest color -
            // otherwise it builds up error and produces strange artifacts
            if( firstElt == 1 )
            {
                // special case: the darkest color in the image
                uint32_t r=255, g=255, b=255;
                for(int ii=0; ii<numPixels; ++ii)
                {
                    r = (uint32_t)GifIMin((int32_t)r, image[ii * 4 + 0]);
                    g = (uint32_t)GifIMin((int32_t)g, image[ii * 4 + 1]);
                    b = (uint32_t)GifIMin((int32_t)b, image[ii * 4 + 2]);
                }

                pal->r[firstElt] = (uint8_t)r;
                pal->g[firstElt] = (uint8_t)g;
                pal->b[firstElt] = (uint8_t)b;

                return;
            }

            if( firstElt == (1 << pal->bitDepth)-1 )
            {
                // special case: the lightest color in the image
                uint32_t r=0, g=0, b=0;
                for(int ii=0; ii<numPixels; ++ii)
                {
                    r = (uint32_t)GifIMax((int32_t)r, image[ii * 4 + 0]);
                    g = (uint32_t)GifIMax((int32_t)g, image[ii * 4 + 1]);
                    b = (uint32_t)GifIMax((int32_t)b, image[ii * 4 + 2]);
                }

                pal->r[firstElt] = (uint8_t)r;
                pal->g[firstElt] = (uint8_t)g;
                pal->b[firstElt] = (uint8_t)b;

                return;
            }
        }

        // otherwise, take the average of all colors in this subcube
        uint64_t r=0, g=0, b=0;
        for(int ii=0; ii<numPixels; ++ii)
        {
            r += image[ii*4+0];
            g += image[ii*4+1];
            b += image[ii*4+2];
        }

        r += (uint64_t)numPixels / 2;  // round to nearest
        g += (uint64_t)numPixels / 2;
        b += (uint64_t)numPixels / 2;

        r /= (uint64_t)numPixels;
        g /= (uint64_t)numPixels;
        b /= (uint64_t)numPixels;

        pal->r[firstElt] = (uint8_t)r;
        pal->g[firstElt] = (uint8_t)g;
        pal->b[firstElt] = (uint8_t)b;

        return;
    }

    // Find the axis with the largest range
    int minR = 255, maxR = 0;
    int minG = 255, maxG = 0;
    int minB = 255, maxB = 0;
    for(int ii=0; ii<numPixels; ++ii)
    {
        int r = image[ii*4+0];
        int g = image[ii*4+1];
        int b = image[ii*4+2];

        if(r > maxR) maxR = r;
        if(r < minR) minR = r;

        if(g > maxG) maxG = g;
        if(g < minG) minG = g;

        if(b > maxB) maxB = b;
        if(b < minB) minB = b;
    }

    int rRange = maxR - minR;
    int gRange = maxG - minG;
    int bRange = maxB - minB;

    // and split along that axis. (incidentally, this means this isn't a "proper" k-d tree but I don't know what else to call it)
    int splitCom = 1;
    if(bRange > gRange) splitCom = 2;
    if(rRange > bRange && rRange > gRange) splitCom = 0;

    int subPixelsA = numPixels * (splitElt - firstElt) / (lastElt - firstElt);
    int subPixelsB = numPixels-subPixelsA;

    GifPartitionByMedian(image, 0, numPixels, splitCom, subPixelsA);

    pal->treeSplitElt[treeNode] = (uint8_t)splitCom;
    pal->treeSplit[treeNode] = image[subPixelsA*4+splitCom];

    GifSplitPalette(image,              subPixelsA, firstElt, splitElt, splitElt-splitDist, splitDist/2, treeNode*2,   buildForDither, pal);
    GifSplitPalette(image+subPixelsA*4, subPixelsB, splitElt, lastElt,  splitElt+splitDist, splitDist/2, treeNode*2+1, buildForDither, pal);
}

// Finds all pixels that have changed from the previous image and
// moves them to the front of the buffer.
// This allows us to build a palette optimized for the colors of the
// changed pixels only.
int GifPickChangedPixels( const uint8_t* lastFrame, uint8_t* frame, int numPixels )
{
    int numChanged = 0;
    uint8_t* writeIter = frame;

    for (int ii=0; ii<numPixels; ++ii)
    {
        if(lastFrame[0] != frame[0] ||
           lastFrame[1] != frame[1] ||
           lastFrame[2] != frame[2])
        {
            writeIter[0] = frame[0];
            writeIter[1] = frame[1];
            writeIter[2] = frame[2];
            ++numChanged;
            writeIter += 4;
        }
        lastFrame += 4;
        frame += 4;
    }

    return numChanged;
}

// Creates a palette by placing all the image pixels in a k-d tree and then averaging the blocks at the bottom.
// This is known as the "modified median split" technique
void GifMakePalette( const uint8_t* lastFrame, const uint8_t* nextFrame, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, int bitDepth, bool buildForDither, GifPalette* pPal )
{
    pPal->bitDepth = bitDepth;

    // SplitPalette is destructive (it sorts the pixels by color) so
    // we must create a copy of the image for it to destroy
    size_t imageSize = (size_t)(width * height * 4 * sizeof(uint8_t));
    uint8_t* destroyableImage = (uint8_t*)GIF_TEMP_MALLOC(imageSize);
    memcpy(destroyableImage, nextFrame, imageSize);

    int numPixels = (int)(width * height);
    if(lastFrame)
        numPixels = GifPickChangedPixels(lastFrame, destroyableImage, numPixels);

    const int lastElt = 1 << bitDepth;
    const int splitElt = lastElt/2;
    const int splitDist = splitElt/2;

    GifSplitPalette(destroyableImage, numPixels, 1, lastElt, splitElt, splitDist, 1, buildForDither, pPal);

    GIF_TEMP_FREE(destroyableImage);

    // add the bottom node for the transparency index
    pPal->treeSplit[1 << (bitDepth-1)] = 0;
    pPal->treeSplitElt[1 << (bitDepth-1)] = 0;

    pPal->r[0] = pPal->g[0] = pPal->b[0] = 0;
}

// Implements Floyd-Steinberg dithering, writes palette value to alpha
void GifDitherImage( const uint8_t* lastFrame, const uint8_t* nextFrame, uint8_t* outFrame, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, GifPalette* pPal )
{
    int numPixels = (int)(width * height);

    // quantPixels initially holds color*256 for all pixels
    // The extra 8 bits of precision allow for sub-single-color error values
    // to be propagated
    int32_t *quantPixels = (int32_t *)GIF_TEMP_MALLOC(sizeof(int32_t) * (size_t)numPixels * 4);

    for( int ii=0; ii<numPixels*4; ++ii )
    {
        uint8_t pix = nextFrame[ii];
        int32_t pix16 = int32_t(pix) * 256;
        quantPixels[ii] = pix16;
    }

    for( uint32_t yy=0; yy<height; ++yy )
    {
        for( uint32_t xx=0; xx<width; ++xx )
        {
            int32_t* nextPix = quantPixels + 4*(yy*width+xx);
            const uint8_t* lastPix = lastFrame? lastFrame + 4*(yy*width+xx) : NULL;

            // Compute the colors we want (rounding to nearest)
            int32_t rr = (nextPix[0] + 127) / 256;
            int32_t gg = (nextPix[1] + 127) / 256;
            int32_t bb = (nextPix[2] + 127) / 256;

            // if it happens that we want the color from last frame, then just write out
            // a transparent pixel
            if( lastFrame &&
               lastPix[0] == rr &&
               lastPix[1] == gg &&
               lastPix[2] == bb )
            {
                nextPix[0] = rr;
                nextPix[1] = gg;
                nextPix[2] = bb;
                nextPix[3] = kGifTransIndex;
                continue;
            }

            int32_t bestDiff = 1000000;
            int32_t bestInd = kGifTransIndex;

            // Search the palette
            GifGetClosestPaletteColor(pPal, rr, gg, bb, bestInd, bestDiff);

            // Write the result to the temp buffer
            int32_t r_err = nextPix[0] - int32_t(pPal->r[bestInd]) * 256;
            int32_t g_err = nextPix[1] - int32_t(pPal->g[bestInd]) * 256;
            int32_t b_err = nextPix[2] - int32_t(pPal->b[bestInd]) * 256;

            nextPix[0] = pPal->r[bestInd];
            nextPix[1] = pPal->g[bestInd];
            nextPix[2] = pPal->b[bestInd];
            nextPix[3] = bestInd;

            // Propagate the error to the four adjacent locations
            // that we haven't touched yet
            int quantloc_7 = (int)(yy * width + xx + 1);
            int quantloc_3 = (int)(yy * width + width + xx - 1);
            int quantloc_5 = (int)(yy * width + width + xx);
            int quantloc_1 = (int)(yy * width + width + xx + 1);

            if(quantloc_7 < numPixels)
            {
                int32_t* pix7 = quantPixels+4*quantloc_7;
                pix7[0] += GifIMax( -pix7[0], r_err * 7 / 16 );
                pix7[1] += GifIMax( -pix7[1], g_err * 7 / 16 );
                pix7[2] += GifIMax( -pix7[2], b_err * 7 / 16 );
            }

            if(quantloc_3 < numPixels)
            {
                int32_t* pix3 = quantPixels+4*quantloc_3;
                pix3[0] += GifIMax( -pix3[0], r_err * 3 / 16 );
                pix3[1] += GifIMax( -pix3[1], g_err * 3 / 16 );
                pix3[2] += GifIMax( -pix3[2], b_err * 3 / 16 );
            }

            if(quantloc_5 < numPixels)
            {
                int32_t* pix5 = quantPixels+4*quantloc_5;
                pix5[0] += GifIMax( -pix5[0], r_err * 5 / 16 );
                pix5[1] += GifIMax( -pix5[1], g_err * 5 / 16 );
                pix5[2] += GifIMax( -pix5[2], b_err * 5 / 16 );
            }

            if(quantloc_1 < numPixels)
            {
                int32_t* pix1 = quantPixels+4*quantloc_1;
                pix1[0] += GifIMax( -pix1[0], r_err / 16 );
                pix1[1] += GifIMax( -pix1[1], g_err / 16 );
                pix1[2] += GifIMax( -pix1[2], b_err / 16 );
            }
        }
    }

    // Copy the palettized result to the output buffer
    for( int ii=0; ii<numPixels*4; ++ii )
    {
        outFrame[ii] = (uint8_t)quantPixels[ii];
    }

    GIF_TEMP_FREE(quantPixels);
}

// Picks palette colors for the image using simple thresholding, no dithering
void GifThresholdImage( const uint8_t* lastFrame, const uint8_t* nextFrame, uint8_t* outFrame, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, GifPalette* pPal )
{
    uint32_t numPixels = width*height;
    for( uint32_t ii=0; ii<numPixels; ++ii )
    {
        // if a previous color is available, and it matches the current color,
        // set the pixel to transparent
        if(lastFrame &&
           lastFrame[0] == nextFrame[0] &&
           lastFrame[1] == nextFrame[1] &&
           lastFrame[2] == nextFrame[2])
        {
            outFrame[0] = lastFrame[0];
            outFrame[1] = lastFrame[1];
            outFrame[2] = lastFrame[2];
            outFrame[3] = kGifTransIndex;
        }
        else
        {
            // palettize the pixel
            int32_t bestDiff = 1000000;
            int32_t bestInd = 1;
            GifGetClosestPaletteColor(pPal, nextFrame[0], nextFrame[1], nextFrame[2], bestInd, bestDiff);

            // Write the resulting color to the output buffer
            outFrame[0] = pPal->r[bestInd];
            outFrame[1] = pPal->g[bestInd];
            outFrame[2] = pPal->b[bestInd];
            outFrame[3] = (uint8_t)bestInd;
        }

        if(lastFrame) lastFrame += 4;
        outFrame += 4;
        nextFrame += 4;
    }
}

// Simple structure to write out the LZW-compressed portion of the image
// one bit at a time
struct GifBitStatus
{
    uint8_t bitIndex;  // how many bits in the partial byte written so far
    uint8_t byte;      // current partial byte

    uint32_t chunkIndex;
    uint8_t chunk[256];   // bytes are written in here until we have 256 of them, then written to the file
};

// insert a single bit
void GifWriteBit( GifBitStatus& stat, uint32_t bit )
{
    bit = bit & 1;
    bit = bit << stat.bitIndex;
    stat.byte |= bit;

    ++stat.bitIndex;
    if( stat.bitIndex > 7 )
    {
        // move the newly-finished byte to the chunk buffer
        stat.chunk[stat.chunkIndex++] = stat.byte;
        // and start a new byte
        stat.bitIndex = 0;
        stat.byte = 0;
    }
}

// write all bytes so far to the file
void GifWriteChunk( FILE* f, GifBitStatus& stat )
{
    fputc((int)stat.chunkIndex, f);
    fwrite(stat.chunk, 1, stat.chunkIndex, f);

    stat.bitIndex = 0;
    stat.byte = 0;
    stat.chunkIndex = 0;
}

void GifWriteCode( FILE* f, GifBitStatus& stat, uint32_t code, uint32_t length )
{
    for( uint32_t ii=0; ii<length; ++ii )
    {
        GifWriteBit(stat, code);
        code = code >> 1;

        if( stat.chunkIndex == 255 )
        {
            GifWriteChunk(f, stat);
        }
    }
}

// The LZW dictionary is a 256-ary tree constructed as the file is encoded,
// this is one node
struct GifLzwNode
{
    uint16_t m_next[256];
};

// write a 256-color (8-bit) image palette to the file
void GifWritePalette( const GifPalette* pPal, FILE* f )
{
    fputc(0, f);  // first color: transparency
    fputc(0, f);
    fputc(0, f);

    for(int ii=1; ii<(1 << pPal->bitDepth); ++ii)
    {
        uint32_t r = pPal->r[ii];
        uint32_t g = pPal->g[ii];
        uint32_t b = pPal->b[ii];

        fputc((int)r, f);
        fputc((int)g, f);
        fputc((int)b, f);
    }
}

// write the image header, LZW-compress and write out the image
void GifWriteLzwImage(FILE* f, uint8_t* image, uint32_t left, uint32_t top,  uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t delay, GifPalette* pPal)
{
    // graphics control extension
    fputc(0x21, f);
    fputc(0xf9, f);
    fputc(0x04, f);
    fputc(0x05, f); // leave prev frame in place, this frame has transparency
    fputc(delay & 0xff, f);
    fputc((delay >> 8) & 0xff, f);
    fputc(kGifTransIndex, f); // transparent color index
    fputc(0, f);

    fputc(0x2c, f); // image descriptor block

    fputc(left & 0xff, f);           // corner of image in canvas space
    fputc((left >> 8) & 0xff, f);
    fputc(top & 0xff, f);
    fputc((top >> 8) & 0xff, f);

    fputc(width & 0xff, f);          // width and height of image
    fputc((width >> 8) & 0xff, f);
    fputc(height & 0xff, f);
    fputc((height >> 8) & 0xff, f);

    //fputc(0, f); // no local color table, no transparency
    //fputc(0x80, f); // no local color table, but transparency

    fputc(0x80 + pPal->bitDepth-1, f); // local color table present, 2 ^ bitDepth entries
    GifWritePalette(pPal, f);

    const int minCodeSize = pPal->bitDepth;
    const uint32_t clearCode = 1 << pPal->bitDepth;

    fputc(minCodeSize, f); // min code size 8 bits

    GifLzwNode* codetree = (GifLzwNode*)GIF_TEMP_MALLOC(sizeof(GifLzwNode)*4096);

    memset(codetree, 0, sizeof(GifLzwNode)*4096);
    int32_t curCode = -1;
    uint32_t codeSize = (uint32_t)minCodeSize + 1;
    uint32_t maxCode = clearCode+1;

    GifBitStatus stat;
    stat.byte = 0;
    stat.bitIndex = 0;
    stat.chunkIndex = 0;

    GifWriteCode(f, stat, clearCode, codeSize);  // start with a fresh LZW dictionary

    for(uint32_t yy=0; yy<height; ++yy)
    {
        for(uint32_t xx=0; xx<width; ++xx)
        {
    #ifdef GIF_FLIP_VERT
            // bottom-left origin image (such as an OpenGL capture)
            uint8_t nextValue = image[((height-1-yy)*width+xx)*4+3];
    #else
            // top-left origin
            uint8_t nextValue = image[(yy*width+xx)*4+3];
    #endif

            // "loser mode" - no compression, every single code is followed immediately by a clear
            //WriteCode( f, stat, nextValue, codeSize );
            //WriteCode( f, stat, 256, codeSize );

            if( curCode < 0 )
            {
                // first value in a new run
                curCode = nextValue;
            }
            else if( codetree[curCode].m_next[nextValue] )
            {
                // current run already in the dictionary
                curCode = codetree[curCode].m_next[nextValue];
            }
            else
            {
                // finish the current run, write a code
                GifWriteCode(f, stat, (uint32_t)curCode, codeSize);

                // insert the new run into the dictionary
                codetree[curCode].m_next[nextValue] = (uint16_t)++maxCode;

                if( maxCode >= (1ul << codeSize) )
                {
                    // dictionary entry count has broken a size barrier,
                    // we need more bits for codes
                    codeSize++;
                }
                if( maxCode == 4095 )
                {
                    // the dictionary is full, clear it out and begin anew
                    GifWriteCode(f, stat, clearCode, codeSize); // clear tree

                    memset(codetree, 0, sizeof(GifLzwNode)*4096);
                    codeSize = (uint32_t)(minCodeSize + 1);
                    maxCode = clearCode+1;
                }

                curCode = nextValue;
            }
        }
    }

    // compression footer
    GifWriteCode(f, stat, (uint32_t)curCode, codeSize);
    GifWriteCode(f, stat, clearCode, codeSize);
    GifWriteCode(f, stat, clearCode + 1, (uint32_t)minCodeSize + 1);

    // write out the last partial chunk
    while( stat.bitIndex ) GifWriteBit(stat, 0);
    if( stat.chunkIndex ) GifWriteChunk(f, stat);

    fputc(0, f); // image block terminator

    GIF_TEMP_FREE(codetree);
}

struct GifWriter
{
    FILE* f;
    uint8_t* oldImage;
    bool firstFrame;
};

// Creates a gif file.
// The input GIFWriter is assumed to be uninitialized.
// The delay value is the time between frames in hundredths of a second - note that not all viewers pay much attention to this value.
bool GifBegin( GifWriter* writer, const char* filename, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t delay, int32_t bitDepth = 8, bool dither = false )
{
    (void)bitDepth; (void)dither; // Mute "Unused argument" warnings

#ifdef OIIO_FILESYSTEM_H
    // If available, use OIIO's UTF8-safe fopen
    writer->f = OIIO::Filesystem::fopen(filename, "wb");
#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)
	writer->f = 0;
    fopen_s(&writer->f, filename, "wb");
#else
    writer->f = fopen(filename, "wb");
#endif
    if(!writer->f) return false;

    writer->firstFrame = true;

    // allocate
    writer->oldImage = (uint8_t*)GIF_MALLOC(width*height*4);

    fputs("GIF89a", writer->f);

    // screen descriptor
    fputc(width & 0xff, writer->f);
    fputc((width >> 8) & 0xff, writer->f);
    fputc(height & 0xff, writer->f);
    fputc((height >> 8) & 0xff, writer->f);

    fputc(0xf0, writer->f);  // there is an unsorted global color table of 2 entries
    fputc(0, writer->f);     // background color
    fputc(0, writer->f);     // pixels are square (we need to specify this because it's 1989)

    // now the "global" palette (really just a dummy palette)
    // color 0: black
    fputc(0, writer->f);
    fputc(0, writer->f);
    fputc(0, writer->f);
    // color 1: also black
    fputc(0, writer->f);
    fputc(0, writer->f);
    fputc(0, writer->f);

    if( delay != 0 )
    {
        // animation header
        fputc(0x21, writer->f); // extension
        fputc(0xff, writer->f); // application specific
        fputc(11, writer->f); // length 11
        fputs("NETSCAPE2.0", writer->f); // yes, really
        fputc(3, writer->f); // 3 bytes of NETSCAPE2.0 data

        fputc(1, writer->f); // JUST BECAUSE
        fputc(0, writer->f); // loop infinitely (byte 0)
        fputc(0, writer->f); // loop infinitely (byte 1)

        fputc(0, writer->f); // block terminator
    }

    return true;
}

// Writes out a new frame to a GIF in progress.
// The GIFWriter should have been created by GIFBegin.
// AFAIK, it is legal to use different bit depths for different frames of an image -
// this may be handy to save bits in animations that don't change much.
bool GifWriteFrame( GifWriter* writer, const uint8_t* image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t delay, int bitDepth = 8, bool dither = false )
{
    if(!writer->f) return false;

    const uint8_t* oldImage = writer->firstFrame? NULL : writer->oldImage;
    writer->firstFrame = false;

    GifPalette pal;
    GifMakePalette((dither? NULL : oldImage), image, width, height, bitDepth, dither, &pal);

    if(dither)
        GifDitherImage(oldImage, image, writer->oldImage, width, height, &pal);
    else
        GifThresholdImage(oldImage, image, writer->oldImage, width, height, &pal);

    GifWriteLzwImage(writer->f, writer->oldImage, 0, 0, width, height, delay, &pal);

    return true;
}

// Writes the EOF code, closes the file handle, and frees temp memory used by a GIF.
// Many if not most viewers will still display a GIF properly if the EOF code is missing,
// but it's still a good idea to write it out.
bool GifEnd( GifWriter* writer )
{
    if(!writer->f) return false;

    fputc(0x3b, writer->f); // end of file
    fclose(writer->f);
    GIF_FREE(writer->oldImage);

    writer->f = NULL;
    writer->oldImage = NULL;

    return true;
}

#endif
